Emeritus Professor F. Richard Keene
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BSc PhD DSc (Adel) FRSC FRACI CChem Adjunct Professor of Chemistry School of Pharmacy & Molecular Sciences, JCU |
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Affiliations with other Institutions |
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Telephone: |
0416 275 161 (Australia) |
+61 416 275 161 (International) |
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Email: |
richard.keene@jcu.edu.au |
Affiliations with other Institutions
Honorary Visiting Research Fellow; School of Chemistry & Physics, University of Adelaide
Adjunct Professor; Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
Visiting Professor; School of Physical, Environmental & Mathematical Sciences, UNSW Canberra (February-May, 2013)
Experience
1972-74Postdoctoral Fellow, A.N.U
1974-76Research Associate, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (USA)
1978Appointed to James Cook University
1983-84Visiting Scientist, Brookhaven National Laboratory, New York (USA)
1988 Visiting Professor, Stanford University (California, USA)
1988-89Visiting Professor, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (USA)
1992Troisième Cycle Lecturer and Visiting Professor, Université de Fribourg (Switzerland)
1994Visiting Professor, Université de Fribourg (Switzerland)
1994, 1998, 2000 Professeur Invité, Université Louis Pasteur de Strasbourg (France)
2003Visiting Scholar, University of Oxford (UK)
2003Visiting Professor, University of Canterbury (Christchurch, New Zealand)
2009 Professeur Invité, CNRS/Université Paul Sabatier (Toulouse, France)
2009 Visiting Professor, Osaka University and Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan
2002-07Chairman, Division of Inorganic Chemistry, Royal Australian Chemical Institute
2012Erasmus Mundus Research Fellow and Visiting Professor, Universität Leipzig, Germany
Research and Professional Interests
Research activities since appointment to JCU:
•Stereochemistry in polymetallic supramolecular assemblies, and (i) its effect on intramolecular electron and energy transfer in such assemblies, and (ii) its influence on sequence- and structure-selectivity in the interaction of such complexes with nucleic acids, and their cytotoxicity to cancer cells and bacteria.
• Oxidative dehydrogenation of coordinated amines and alcohols.
• Tripodal π-acceptor ligands and their complexes with metals in groups 6-10.
• Transition-metal catalysis of reduction processes, particularly of carbon dioxide.
• Chemical modification of electrodes.
• Spectroscopy of transition metal compounds using molecular beam techniques.
Recent Research Activities
Stereochemistry of Metallosupramolecular Assemblies and its Applications.
Over the last two decades, the Keene laboratory at JCU has been an international pioneer in the development of techniques to control the stereochemistry of the component metal centres in mononuclear and oligonuclear metal complexes.The methodology – using a combination of stereoselective synthesis and chromatography – has allowed the routine separation of diastereoisomers, the resolution of enantiomers, the separation of geometric isomers, and the separation of chiral helical forms.
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Electron transfer studies in polymetallic assemblies.
Using predominantly spectroelectrochemical techniques, studies of the intervalence charge transfer (IVCT) studies of sterically-controlled mixed-valence dinuclear and trinuclear ruthenium and osmium targets have provided a detailed and significant insight into the factors that determine the activation barriers for intramolecular electron transfer – a platform on which to build an understanding of the electron transfer in higher nuclearity assemblies, critical in the development of new applicable materials.
The differences between the stereoisomers of dinuclear complexes provide a unique window in studies of this genre of complexes, as there are only subtle spatial differences between the forms. The extremely productive program has provided an elucidation of the electronic communication regime between Class II (predominantly localised) and Class III (delocalised) systems, as well as insights into structural, temperature, solvent and anions influences on electron transfer.The work has also been extended to IVCT in trinuclear complexes, where the stereochemical control has allowed the first determination of the influence of geometry on intramolecular transfer.
This work has been funded by the Australian Research Council, and has been undertaken in collaboration with Professor Peter Steel (University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand) and Professor Joseph Hupp (Northwestern University, Evanston IL, USA).
(ii) Interactions of metal complexes with nucleic acids, cancer cells and bacteria
There has been an immense amount of research aimed at developing chemotherapeutic agents that derive their biological activity through their interaction with DNA – including widely-used platinum-based drugs.The working hypothesis is that these drugs would block DNA function, in particular DNA replication and transcription.However, DNA-binding drugs generally suffer from a lack of selectivity, often resulting in considerable toxicity.Using predominantly NMR techniques, we have examined the potential of inert bulky dinuclear ruthenium complexes as DNA and RNA binding agents.These ruthenium complexes show a significantly enhanced selectivity for non-duplex structures – e.g. bulges and hairpin loops – compared with the normal duplex forms.The complexes bind in the minor groove and preferentially target specific the non-duplex sites by matching the shape, symmetry and functionalities of the metal complex to the nucleic acid target.Further, the binding is enhanced when the bridge between the metal centres is flexible, allowing the complex to follow the contours of the groove in the nucleic acid.
Paradoxically, investigations of these flexibly-linked dinuclear complexes against a mouse leukaemia cancer cell line reveal that their cytotoxicity is related to the length of the chain rather than nucleic acid affinity – an observation consistent with their selective cytotoxicity towards a library of bacteria, including the important targets of multi-drug resistant pathogens such as MRSA and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.The cytotoxicity levels of these lipophilic cations are significant, raising the spectre of their potential use as anticancer and antimicrobial agents.Our current research activities are directed to elucidating the mechanisms of cell entry and cytotoxicity.
This work has been funded by the Australian Research Council, and has been undertaken in collaboration with Professor Prof. Grant Collins (UNSW Canberra).The cell biology studies have been undertaken in collaboration with Assoc.-Prof. Kirsten Heimann (School of Tropical & Marine Biology, JCU), and the microbiological studies in collaboration with Assoc. Prof. Jeffrey Warner (School of Tropical Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, JCU).
Grants
2000 – present
1992-2000: “Artificial Photosynthesis”, ARC Large - $569,000.
1998-2000: “Stereochemistry on Polymetallic Ligand-Bridged Assemblies”, ARC Large-$219,940
2001-2003:“Theoretical and Biological Aspects of the Stereochemistry of Metal Complexes”, ARC Large - $131,000
2003-2005:“Dinuclear Ruthenium Complexes as Sequence- and Structure-Selective Binding Agents for DNA”, ARC-Discovery Project (with J.G. Collins, J.R. Aldrich-Wright and Y. Tor) - $300,000
2004-2006:“Intervalence Transfer in Dinuclear and Oligonuclear Polymetallic Assemblies”, ARC-Discovery Project (with J.T. Hupp and P.J. Steel) - $246,000
2004-2006: “Molecular Cages of Controlled Size and Shape”, Marsden Research Grant, New Zealand (with P.J. Steel) - $700,000
2007:“Charge Transfer in Metallosupramolecular Assemblies”, JCU Competitive Research Incentive Grant - $25,000.
2009-2011: “Intervalence Transfer in Dinuclear and Oligonuclear Polymetallic Assemblies”, ARC-Discovery Project (with J.G. Collins and P.J. Steel) - $320,000
2011-2013: “New Metallosupramolecular Synthons” , Marsden Research Grant, New Zealand(with P.J. Steel) - $885,000.
Awards
1979 Rennie Medal of Royal Australian Chemical Institute
1983-84 Fulbright Scholar (Brookhaven National Laboratory, New York, USA)
1998 Commonwealth Scholar, Bede Morris Fellowship Scheme, Australian Academy of Science
1994, 2000 Professeur Invité, Université Louis Pasteur de Strasbourg (France)
1995-98 Honorary Senior Research Fellow, Central Queensland University
1998-2000 Honorary Professor, Central Queensland University
2000 Erskine Visiting Research Fellow, University of Canterbury (Christchurch, New Zealand)
2002 Vice Chancellor's Award for Research Excellence, JCU
2003 Vice Chancellor's Award for Excellence in Research Supervision, JCU
2005-present Member of Editorial Board, Supramolecular Chemistry
2005-present Adjunct Professor, University of Canterbury (Christchurch, NZ)
2009 Professeur Invité, CNRS/Université Paul Sabatier (Toulouse, France)
2009 Recipient of Visiting Scientist Award (Australian Academy of Science/Japan Society for Promotion of Science), Osaka University and Tokyo Institute of Technology (Japan)
2012Recipient of Erasmus Mundus Research Fellowship (Universität Leipzig, Germany)
2012Appointed Honorary Visiting Research Fellow, University of Adelaide
2012Conferred as Emeritus Professor, James Cook University
2013Appointed Visiting Professor, UNSW Canberra (February-May)
Publications
2000 – present
Patent:
Patent applications (Antimicrobial Agents) were filed on 21/12/2011 with the Australian (2011265513), USA (13/334741) and Canadian (2762717) Patent Offices.
Chapters in Monographs:
“Non-covalent DNA binding of metal complexes”, J.A. Smith, F. Li, F.R. Keene and J.G.Collins, invited contribution to major reference series “Comprehensive Inorganic Chemistry” (Elsevier – to be published 2013).
“Chirality”, F.R. Keene, invited chapter in “Supramolecular Chemistry: From Molecules To Nanomaterials’ (eds. P.A. Gale and J.N. Steed), published in 2012 by John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Chichester, UK, pp 217-236.
“Groove binding ruthenium(II) complexes as probes of DNA recognition”, J.A. Smith, J.G. Collins and F.R. Keene,in “Metal Complexes - DNA interactions” (Eds, N. Hadjiliadis and E. Sletten), Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, UK (2009); pps. 319-346.
Reviews:
“The Shape of Metallosupramolecular Assemblies”, F.R. Keene, Dalton Trans. 2011, 40, 2405-2418. {Invited review as a Dalton Perspective; front cover}
“Metal Complexes as Structure-Selective Binding Agents for Nucleic Acids”, F.R.Keene, J.A. Smith and J.G. Colllins, Coord. Chem. Rev. 2009, 253, 2021-2035.
“Stereochemical Effects on Intervalence Charge Transfer”, D.M. D’Alessandro and F. R. Keene, PureAppl. Chem. 2008, 80, 1-16.
“Intervalence Charge Transfer (IVCT) in Trinuclear and Tetranuclear Complexes of Iron, Ruthenium and Osmium”, D.M. D’Alessandro and F.R. Keene, Chem. Rev. 2006, 106, 2270–2298.
"Current trends and future challenges in the experimental, theoretical and computational analysis of intervalence charge transfer (IVCT) transitions", D.M. D’Alessandro and F.R. Keene, Chem. Soc. Rev. 2006 , 35, 424-440.
Refereed Journal Papers
Intervalence Charge Transfer and related topics
“Microwave synthesis of rare [Ru2L3]4+ triple helicate and its interactions with DNA”, C.R.K. Glasson, G.V. Meehan, J.K. Clegg,L.F. Lindoy, J.A. Smith, F.R. Keene and C. Motti, Chem. Eur. J.2008, 14, 10535–10538.
“Synthesis, X-ray crystal structures, spectroscopy and electrochemistry of ruthenium(II) complexes of two chelating ligands containing [1,2,3]triazolo[1,5-a]pyridine subunits”, C.M. Fitchett, F.R. Keene, C. Richardson and P.J. Steel”, Inorg. Chem. Commun., 2008, 11, 595-598
“Ruthenium(II) Complexes of Chelating Ligands Containing Benzoxazole and Benzothiazole Subunits: Synthesis, X-Ray Crystallography, Spectroscopy and Electrochemistry”, C. Richardson, C.M. Fitchett, F.R. Keene and P.J. Steel, Aust. J. Chem., 2008, 61, 183-188.
“4,5-Di(2-pyridyl)-1,2,3-triazolate: the elusive member of a family of bridging ligands that facilitate strong metal-metal interactions”, C. Richardson, C.M. Fitchett. F.R. Keene and P.J. Steel, Dalton Trans. 2008, 2534–2537.
“The Influence of Anions on Intervalence Charge Transfer (IVCT) in Mixed-Valence Dinuclear Complexes”, E.A. Fellows and F.R. Keene, J. Phys. Chem.B2007, 111, 6667-6675.{Special issue to honour Norman Sutin}.
“Solid-State Anion Interactions in the Diastereoismers of Dinuclear Ruthenium Complexes based on 2.2’-Bipyrimidine”, D.M. D’Alessandro, F.M. Foley, M.S. Davies, P.C. Junk and F.R. Keene, Polyhedron 2007, 26, 216-221 {Australasian issue}.
“Probing the Transition between the Localised (“Class II”) and Localised-to-Delocalised (“Class II-III”) Regimes using Intervalence Charge Transfer (IVCT) Solvatochromism in a Series of Mixed-Valence Dinuclear Ruthenium Complexes”, D.M. D’Alessandro, A.C. Topley, M.S. Davies and F.R. Keene, Chem. Eur. J. 2006, 12, 4873-4884.
“The Underlying Spin-Orbit Coupling Structure of Intervalence Charge TransferBands in Dinuclear Polypyridyl Complexes of Ruthenium and Osmium”, D.M. D’Alessandro, P.H. Dinolfo,M.S. Davies, J.T. Hupp and F.R. Keene, Inorg. Chem. 2006, 45, 3261-3274; Inorg. Chem. 2006, 45, 4576-4576. {Addition/Correction}.
“The Effective Electron Transfer Distance in Dinuclear Ruthenium Complexes containing the Unsymmetrical Bridging Ligand 3,5-bis(2-pyridyl)-1,2,4-triazolate”, D.M. D’Alessandro, P.H. Dinolfo, J.T. Hupp, P.C. Junk and F.R. Keene, Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 2006, 772-783.
“Metal-metal Interactions in Dinuclear Ruthenium Complexes incorporating “Stepped-Parallel” Bridging Ligand: Synthesis, Stereochemistry and Intervalence Charge Transfer (IVCT)”, D.M. D’Alessandro and F.R. Keene, New J. Chem. 2006, 30, 228-237.
“Multi-site Effects on Intervalence Charge Transfer in a “Cluster-like” Trinuclear Assembly containing Ruthenium and Osmium”, D.M. D’Alessandro, M.S. Davies and F.R. Keene, Inorg. Chem. 2006, 45, 1656-1666.
“Intervalence Charge Transfer in a “Chain-like” Ruthenium Trinuclear Assembly based on the Bridging Ligand 4,7-phenanthrolino-5,6:5',6'-pyrazine (ppz)”, D.M. D’Alessandro and F.R. Keene, Dalton Trans. 2006, 1060-1072.
“Metal-metal interactions in dinuclear ruthenium complexes containing bridging 4,5-di(2-pyridyl)imidazolates”, J.W. Slater, D.M. D’Alessandro, F.R. Keene and P.J. Steel, Dalton Trans. 2006, 1954-1962.
“Stereochemical Influences on Intervalence Transfer Solvatochromism in the Diastereoisomers of [{Ru(pp)2}2(μ-bpm)]4+” (bpm = 2,2’-bipyrimidine; pp = bidentate polypyridyl ligand)”,D.M. D’Alessandro and F.R. Keene, Chem. Phys. 2006, 324, 8-25.{Invited contribution to special issue in honour of Professor Noel Hush on the occasion of his 80th birthday}.
“Driving the Localised-to-Delocalised Transition in Unsymmetrical Dinuclear Ruthenium Mixed-Valence Complexes”, D.M. D’Alessandro and F.R, Keene, Aust. J. Chem. 2005, 58, 767-777.
“Differential ion-pairing and temperature effects on intervalence charge transfer (IVCT) in a series of dinuclear ruthenium complexes”, D.M. D’Alessandro, P.C. Junk and F.R. Keene, Supramolec. Chem. 2005, 17, 529-542.{Invited contribution in special Australasian issue}.
“Intervalence Charge Transfer (IVCT) in Di- and Tri-nuclear Assemblies containing the Bridging Ligand HAT {1,4,5,8,9,12-hexaazatriphenylene}”, D.M. D’Alessandro and F.R. Keene, Chem. Eur. J. 2005, 11, 3679-3688.
“Intervalence charge transfer in the stereoisomers of a dinuclear ruthenium complex containing the bridging ligand dibenzoeilatin”, D.M. D’Alessandro, F.R. Keene, S.D. Bergman, and M. Kol, Dalton Trans. 2005, 332-337.
“Diastereoisomeric dinuclear ruthenium complexes of 2,5-di(2-pyridyl)thiazolo[5,4d]thiazole”, J.A. Zampese, F.R. Keene and P.J. Steel, Dalton Trans. 2004, 4124-4129.
“A Cautionary Warning on the Use of Electrochemical Measurements to Calculate Comproportionation Constants for Mixed-Valence Compounds”, D.M. D’Alessandro and F.R. Keene, Dalton Trans. 2004, 3950-3954.
“Ruthenium(II) Complexes of Multidentate Ligands Derived from Di(2-pyridyl)methane”, D.M. D’Alessandro, F.R. Keene, P.J. Steel, and C.J. Sumby, Aust. J. Chem. 2003, 56, 657-664.
“Synthetic and Stereochemical Studies of Dinuclear Ruthenium(II) with Mixed Terminal Ligands”, B.T. Patterson, F. M. Foley, D. Richards, and F. R. Keene, Dalton Trans. 2003, 709-714.
Interactions of Metal Complexes with Nucleic Acids, Cancer Cells and Bacteria
““Chlorido-containing ruthenium(II) and iridium(III) complexes as antimicrobial agents” M. Pandrala, F. Li, M. Feterl, Y. Mulyana, J. M. Warner, L. Wallace,F. R. Keene, and J. G. Collins, Dalton Trans.2013, published as Advance Article (DOI: 10.1039/C3DT32775B).
“In vitro susceptibility and cellular uptake for a new class of antimicrobial agents: dinuclear ruthenium(II) complexes”, F. Li, M. Feterl, Y. Mulyana, J.M. Warner, J.G. Collins and F.R. Keene, J. Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 2012, 67, 2686-2695.
“An approach to therapeutic agents through selective targeting of destabilised nucleic acid duplex sequences”, F. Li, D.K. Weber, J.L. Morgan, J.G. Collins and F.R. Keene, Dalton Transactions 2012, 41, 6528-6535. {Invited contribution to themed issue on ‘Application of Inorganic Chemistry for non-Cancer Therapeutics’}.
” Nucleic acid binding and cytotoxicity of the labile oligonuclear ruthenium(II) complexes”, Y. Mulyana, J.G. Collins and F.R.Keene, J. Incl. Phenom. Macrocycl. Chem. 2011 71, 371-379. {Invited contribution to issue celebrating 75th birthday of Len Lindoy}
“The antimicrobial activity of inert oligonuclear polypyridylruthenium(II) complexes against pathogenic bacteria, including MRSA”, F. Li, Y. Mulyana, M. Feterl, J. Warner, J.G. Collins and F.R. Keene, Dalton Trans. 2011, 40, 5032-5038.
“Mechanism of cytotoxicity and cellular uptake of lipophilic inert dinuclear polypyridylruthenium(II) complexes”, M.J. Pisani, P.D. Fromm, R.J. Clarke, Y. Mulyana, K. Heimann, J.G. Collins and F.R. Keene, ChemMedChem 2011, 6, 848-858. {Selected as Very Important Paper (VIP); inside front cover}
“Oligonuclear Polypyridylruthenium(II) Complexes Incorporating Flexible Polar and Non-Polar Bridges:Synthesis, DNA-Binding and Cytotoxicity”, Y. Mulyana, D.K. Weber, J.G. Collins and F.R. Keene, Dalton Trans. 2011, 40, 1510-1523.
“Sequence and duplex structure determinants of the binding of flexibly-linked dinuclear ruthenium(II) complexes to adenine-bulged DNA duplexes”, D.P. Buck, J.A. Paul, M.J. Pisani, J.G. Collinsand F.R. Keene, Aust. J. Chem. 2010, 63, 1365-1375.
“Selectivity at a Three-base Bulge Site in the DNA Binding of ΔΔ-[{Ru(phen)2}2(μ-dppm)]4+ {dppm = 4,6-bis(2-pyridyl)pyrimidine; phen = 1,10-phenanthroline}”, J.L. Morgan, D.P. Buck, A.G. Turley, J.G. Collins and F.R. Keene, J. Biol. Inorg. Chem. 2006, 11, 824-834.
“Cucurbit[10]uril binding of dinuclear platinum(II) and ruthenium(II) complexes: association/dissociation rates from seconds to hours”, M.J. Pisani, Y. Zhou, L. Wallace, C.E. Woodward, F.R. Keene, A.I. Day and J.G. Collins, Dalton Trans. 2010, 39, 2078-2086.
“Anionic PAMAM dendrimers as drug delivery vehicles for transition metal-based anticancer drugs”, M.J. Pisani, N.J. Wheate, F.R. Keene, J.R. Aldrich-Wright, and J.G. Collins, J. Inorg. Biochem. 2009, 103, 373-380.
“Binding of a dinuclear ruthenium(II) complex to the TAR region of the HIV-AIDS viral RNA”, D.P. Buck, C.B. Spillane, J.G. Collins and F.R. Keene, Molecular BioSystems 2008, 4, 851-854.
“The Dichotomy in the DNA-Binding Behaviour of Ruthenium(II) Complexes Bearing Benzoxazole and Benzothiazole Groups”,C.B. Spillane, M.N.V. Dabo, N.C. Fletcher, J.L. Morgan, F.R. Keene,I. Haq, and N.J.Buurma, J. Inorg. Biochem. 2008, 102, 673-683.
“Dinuclear ruthenium(II) complexes as potential probes for RNA bulge sites”, C.B. Spillane, J.A. Smith, D.P. Buck, J.G. Collins and F.R. Keene, Dalton Trans. 2007, 5290-5296.
“Benzothiazole bipyridine complexes of Ruthenium(II) with Cytotoxic Activity”, C.B. Spillane, N.C. Fletcher, S. Roundtree, H. van den Berg, S. Chanduloy, J.L. Morgan and F.R. Keene, J. Inorg. Biol. Chem. 2007, 12, 797-807.
“Dinuclear ruthenium(II) complexes with flexible bridges as DNA bulge-selective probes”,J.L. Morgan, C.B. Spillane, J.A. Smith, D.P. Buck, J. G. Collins and F.R. Keene, Dalton Trans. 2007, 4333-4342.
“DNA Affinity Binding Studies using a Fluorescent Dye Displacement Technique – the Dichotomy of the Binding Site” C.B. Spillane, J.A. Smith, J.L. Morgan and F.R. Keene, J. Inorg. Biol. Chem. 2007, 12, 819-824.
“Selectivity at a Three-base Bulge Site in the DNA Binding of ��-[{Ru(phen)2}2(μ-dppm)]4+ {dppm = 4,6-bis(2-pyridyl)pyrimidine; phen = 1,10-phenanthroline}”, J.L. Morgan, D.P. Buck, A.G. Turley, J.G. Collins and F.R. Keene, J. Biol. Inorg. Chem. 2006, 11, 824-834.
“Meso-[{Ru(phen)2}2(μ-HAT)]4+:a high-affinity DNA hairpin probe (HAT = 1,4,5,8,9,12-hexaazatriphenylene; phen = 1,10-phenantroline)”, J.A. Smith, J.L. Morgan, A.G. Turley, J.G. Collins, and F.R. Keene, Dalton Trans. 2006, 3179-3187.
“Separation of stereoisomers of dinuclear metal complexes by binding affinity chromatography using non-duplex DNA”, J.A. Smith and F.R. Keene, Chem. Commun. 2006, 2583-2585.
“Inert benzothiazole functionalised ruthenium(II) complexes; potential DNA hairpin binding agents”, C.B. Spillane, J.L. Morgan, N.C. Fletcher, J.G. Collins and F.R. Keene, Dalton Trans. 2006, 3122-3133.
“Meso-[{Ru(phen)2}2(μ-bpm)]4+:a high-affinity DNA bulge probe {bpm = 2,2’-bipyrimidine; phen = 1,10-phenanthroline}”, J.L. Morgan, D.P. Buck, A.G. Turley, J.G. Collinsand F.R. Keene, Inorg. Chim. Acta2006, 359, 888-898.{Invited contribution in special issue on ruthenium chemistry}.
“Total Enantioselectivity in the DNA Binding of the Dinuclear Ruthenium(II) Complex [{Ru(Me2bpy)2}2(μ-bpm)]4+ {bpm = 2,2'-bipyrimidine; Me2bpy = 4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine}”,J.A. Smith, J.G. Collins, B.T. Patterson and F.R. Keene, Dalton Trans. 2004, 1277-1283.
"Dinuclear Ruthenium(II) Complexes as Probes for DNA Bulge Sites ",B.T. Patterson, J.G. Collins, F.M. Foley and F.R. Keene, J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans. 2002, 4343-4350.
"The DNA Binding of the ΔΔ-, ΔΛ- and ΛΛ-Stereoisomers of [{Ru(Me2bpy)2}2(μ-bpm)]4+", F.M. Foley, F.R. Keene and J.G. Collins, J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans. 2001, 2968-2974.