Bibliography of amphibian disease

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF AMPHIBIAN DISEASES

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	This bibliography was assembled by Lee Berger from an original bibliography developed by Rick Speare. It is updated frequently. Last update 26 January 2005.
	The bibliography includes papers dealing with diseases of frogs, and declining frogs where disease is discussed. It covers diseases of both captive and free ranging amphibians.
	If reproduced, please acknowledge the source.
	If readers have additional citations, please email to Rick Speare with details.

Lastest citations added

[A] [B] [C] [D] [E] [F] [G] [H] [I] [J]
[K] [L] [M] [N] [O] [P] [R] [S] [T]
[U] [V] [W] [X][Y] [Z]

A
[Top]
Ahne, W., Bearzotti, M., Bremont, M., Essbauer, S. Comparison of European systemic piscine and amphibian iridoviruses with epizootic haematopoietic necrosis virus and frog virus 3. Zentralbl Veterinarmed [B] 1998; 45(6): 373-383.

Alderman, D. J.; Polglase, J. L. Aphanomyces astaci: isolation and culture. Journal of Fish Diseases. 1986; 9: 367- 379.
Key words: fungus

Alexander MA, Eischeid JK. Climate variability in regions of amphibian declines. Conservation Biology 2001;15(4):

Alford RA, Dixon PM, Pechmann JH. Ecology. Global amphibian population declines. Nature 2001;412(6846):499-500.

Alford RA, Richards SJ. Global amphibian declines: a problem in applied ecology. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 1999;30:133-165.

Alford RA, Richards SJ. Lack of evidence for epidemic disease as an agent in the catastrophic decline of Australian rain forest frogs. Conservation Biology 1997;11:1026-1029.

Alves de Matos, A. P.; Paperna, I. Ultrastructure of erythrocytic virus of the South African anuran Ptychadena anchietae. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms. 1993; 16: 105-109.

Amborski, R. L.; Snider, T. G.; Culley, D. D. A non- hemolytic, group B Streptococcus infection of cultured bullfrogs, Rana catesbiana, in Brazil. Journal of Wildlife Diseases. 1983; 19(3): 180-184.
Key words: bacteria

Anderson, J. R.; Ayala, S. C. Trypanosome transmitted by Phlebotomus: First report from the Americas. Science. 1968; 161: 1023-1025.
Key words: protozoa

Anthony, P. P. A guide to the histological identification of fungi in tissues. Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1973; 26: 828- 831.

Anver, M. R.; Pond, C. L. Biology and diseases of amphibians. Laboratory Animal Medicine. Fox, J. G.; Coghen, B. J.; Loew, F. M. ed. New York: Academic Press; 1984: 427-447.

Anzalone, C.R.; Kats, L.B.; Gordon, M.S. Effects of solar UV-B radiation on embryonic development on Hyla cadaverina, Hyla regilla, and Taricha torosa. Conservation Biology. 1998; 12:646-653.

Ardavin, C. F.; Zapata, A.; Garrido, E.; Villena, A. Ultrastructure of gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) in the amphibian urodele, Pleurodeles waltlii. Cell Tissue Research. 1982; 224: 663-671.

Asfari M. Mycobacterium-induced infectious granuloma in Xenopus: histopathology and transmissibility. Cancer Research 1988;48(4):958-963.

B
[Top]
Babudieri, B.; Carlos, E. R.; Carlos, E. T. Pathogenic leptospira isolated from toad kidneys. Tropical and Geographical Medicine. 1973; 25: 297-299.

Babudieri, B. Mycoplasma-like organism, parasite of red blood cells of an amphibian, Hydromantes italicus (Spelerpes fuscus). Infection and Immunity. 1972; 6: 77-82.
Key words: Chondrostagon haematicum, bacteria.

Bailey, J. Kermit. Aedes aegypti as a possible new invertebrate host for frog trypanosomes. Experimental Parasitology. 1962; 12: 155-163.
Key words: mosquitoes, R. pipiens , protozoa

Baker, M. R. Synopsis of the Nematoda Parasitic in Amphibians and Reptiles. Memorial University of Newfoundland Occasional Papers in Biology. 1987; 11.

Baldassi, L.; Hipolito, M.; de Souza Junior, F.; de Souza, C. Clostridia presence in bullfrog (Rana catesbiana Shaw, 1802) mouth myiasis lesions. B. Inst. Pesca. 1995; 22: 95-102.

Balls, M. Benzopyrene-induced tumours in the clawed toad Xenopus laevis. Experientia. 1964; 20: 143-145.
Key words: neoplasm

Balls, M. Further aspects of lymphosarcoma in Xenopus (the South African Clawed Toad). Cancer Research. 1965; 25: 7-11.
Key words: urethane, ethyl carbamate, Anaesthetic, neoplasm

Balls, M. Lymphosarcoma in the South African clawed toad Xenopus laevis: A virus tumour. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1965: 256-273.
Key words: methylcholanthrene, benzpyrene, urethane, virus, neoplasm

Balls, M. Transplantation of spontaneously occurring and chemically induced lymphoid tumors in Xenopus laevis. Cancer Research. 1964; 24: 44-51.
Key words: virus, neoplasm.

Balls, M.; Clothier, R. H. The significance of amphibian neoplasms: unresolved conflicts of emphasis. Proceedings first international colloquium on pathology of reptiles and amphibians, Angers, France . 1982: 137-139.
Key words: renal adenocarcinoma, Nitroso compounds, N - dimethylnitrosamine (DMN), N-methyl-N- nitrosourea.

Balls, M.; Clothier, R. H. Spontaneous tumours in amphibians. Oncology. 1974; 29: 501-519.

Balls, Ruben L. N. The induction of lymphosarcoma in Xenopus laevis by cancerous and normal tissues of Rana pipiens. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1965; 126: 274-288.

Banas JA, Loesche WJ, Nace GW. Classification and distribution of large intestinal bacteria in nonhibernating and hibernating leopard frogs (Rana pipiens). Applied Environmental Microbiology 1988;54(9):2305-2310.

Baran, I.; Soylu, E. Crayfish plague in Turkey. Journal of Fish Diseases. 1989; 12: 193-197.
Key words: Aphanomyces, fungus

Barch, S. H.; Shaver, J. R.; Wilson, G. B. Some aspects of the ultrastructure of cells of the Lucke renal adenocarcinoma. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1965; 126: 188-203.
Key words: virus

Bardsley, J. E.; Harmsen, R. The Trypanosomes of Anura. Advances in Parasitology. 1973; 11: 1-73.
Key words: protozoa Barrow, J. H. The biology of Trypanosoma diemyctyli, Tobey. III. Factors influencing the cycle of Trypanosoma diemyctyli in the vertebrate host Triturus v. viridescens. Journal of Protozoology. 1958; 5(3): 161-170.

Barta, J. R.; Boulard, Y.; Desser, S. S. Blood parasites of Rana esculenta from Corsica: Comparison of its parasites with those eastern North American ranids in the context of host phylogeny. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society. 1989; 108(1): 6-20.
Key words: Trypanosoma loricatum, T. rotatorium, T. neveulemairei, Haemagregarina magna, H. hortai, Lankesterella minima, Dactylosoma ranarum, Aegyptianella bacterifera, microfilaria, leeches, ceratopogonids, mosquitoes, protozoa

Barta, J. R.; Desser, S. S. Blood parasites of amphibians from Algonquin Park, Ontario. Journal of Wildlife Diseases. 1984; 20(3): 180-189.
Key words: Trypanosoma, Haemogregarina, Lankesterella, Babesiasoma and Thrombocytozoons, microfilaria, protozoa

Barta, J. R.; Desser, S. S. Development of Babesia stableri (Dactylosmatidae; Adeleida; Apicomplexa) in its leech vector (Batracobdella picta) and the relationship of the Dactylosomatids to the piroplasms of higher vertebrates. Journal of Protozoology. 1989; 36(3): 241-253.

Barta, J. R.; Desser, S. S. Light and electron microscopic observations on the intraerythrocytic development of Babesiosoma stableri (Apicomplexa, Dactylosomatidae) in frogs from Algonquin Park, Ontario. Journal of Protozoology. 1986; 33(3): 359-368.
Key words: Rana catesbiana, R. septentrionalis, protozoa

Barta, J. R.; Sawyer, R. T. Definition of a new genus of glossophoniid leech and a redescription of the type species, Clepsine picta Verrill, 1872. Canadian Journal of Zoology. 1990; 68: 1942-1950.

Barton, D. P. Ecology of helminth communities in tropical Australian amphibians. International Journal for Parasitology. 1999; 29: 921-926.

Barton D.P. A checklist of helminth parasites of Australian amphibia. Records of the South Australian Museum. 1994; 27(1): 13-30.

Barton, D. P. Three species of the genus Dolichosaccus Johnston, 1912 (Digenea: Telorchiidae) from the introduced toad Bufo marinus (Amphibia: Bufonidae) in Australia, with erection of Meditypus n. subg. Systematic Parasitology. 1994; 29: 121-131.

Barton, D. P.; Pichelin, S. Acanthocephalus bufonis (Acanthocephala) from Bufo marinus (Bufonidae: Amphibia) in Hawaii Parasite-Journal de la Societe Francaise de Partasitologie. 1999; 6: 269-272.

Barton, D. P.; Richards, S. P. Helminth infracommunities in Litoria genimaculata from Birthday Creek, an upland rainforest stream in northern Queensland, Australia. International Journal for Parasitology. 1996; 26(12): 1381-1385.
Key words: Monogenea, Parapolystoma bulliense, Digenea- Mesocoelium, Cosmocerca, Austraplectana sp., Onchocercidae, nematode, trematode

Bayliss, H. A. Some Heterakidae and Oxyuridae (Nematoda) from Queensland . Annals and Magazine of Natural History series 10. 1930; 5: 354-366.

Beebee T. J. C. Environmental change as a cause of Natterjack toad (Bufo calamita) declines in Britain. Biological Conservation. 1977; 11: 87-101.

Beebee, T. Frog mass mortality: Scurrilous disease or panic attack? British Herpetological Society Bulletin. 1996; 55: 15-16.

Beebee, T. J. Observations concerning the decline of the British amphibia. Biological Conservation. 0692: 20-24.
Key words: habitat loss, collection, pesticides, Rana temporaria, Bufo bufo, B. calamita, Triturus vulgaris, T. helveticus, T. cristatus.

Beebee, T. J. C.; Floer, R. J.; Stevenson, A. C.; Patrick, S. T.; Appleby, P. G.; Fletcher, C.; Marsh, C.; Natkanski, J.; Rippey, B.; Batterbee, R. W. Decline of the Natterjack Toad Bufo calamita in Britain: Palaeological, documentary and experimental evidence for breeding site acidification. Biological Conservation. 1990; 53: 1-20.

Beiswenger, R. E. An endangered species, the Wyoming toad Bufo hemiophrys baxteri- The importance of an early warning system. Biological Conservation. 1986; 37: 59-71.

Beneke, E. S. Dermatiaceous fungi in laboratory-housed frogs. Pan American Health Organisation Scientific Publication . 1978; 356 (Washington DC): 101-108.
Key words: Fonsecaea pedrosoi, Bufo marinus, Rana pipiens.

Bennati R, Bonetti M, Lavazza A, Gelmetti, D. Skin lesions associated with herpesvirus-like particles in frogs (Rana dalmatina). Veterinary Record 1994;135:625-626.

Bennett, L. J. The immunological response of amphibia to Australian spargana. Journal of Parasitology. 1978; 64(4): 756- 759.
Keywords: cestode, tapeworm Berger L, Hyatt AD, Olsen V, Hengstberger SG, Boyle D, Marantelli G, Humphreys K, Longcore JE. Production of polyclonal antibodies to Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and their use in an immunoperoxidase test for chytridiomycosis in amphibians. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 2002;48(3):213-220.

Berger L, Speare R, Daszak P, Green D, Cunningham A, Goggin L, Slocombe R, Ragan M, Hyatt A, McDonald K, Hines H, Lips K, Marantelli G, Parkes H. Chytridiomycosis causes amphibian mortality associated with population declines in the rain forests of Australia and Central America. Proceedings of the National Acadamy of Science. 1998; 95: 9031-9036.
Key words: chytrid fungus.

Berger, L.; Speare, R. Humphrey, J. Mucormycosis in a free ranging green tree frog from Australia. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 1997;33:903-907.
Key words: fungus, Litoria caerulea

Berger L, Speare R, Hyatt A. Chytrid fungi and amphibian declines: Overview, implications and future directions. Declines and Disappearances of Australian Frogs. Ed. A. Campbell. Environment Australia: Canberra. 1999:23-33.

Berger L, Speare R, Thomas A, Hyatt A. Mucocutaneous fungal disease in tadpoles of Bufo marinus in Australia. Journal of Herpetology 2001;35:330-335.

Berger, L., Volp, K., Mathews, S., Speare, R., Timms, P. Chlamydia pneumoniae in a free-ranging giant barred frog (Mixophyes iteratus). Australia Journal of Clinical Microbiology 1999;37:2378-2380.
Key words: pneumonia, zoonosis

Bernard, G. W.; Cooper, E. L.; Mandell, M. L. Lamellar membrane encircled viruses in the erythrocytes of Rana pipiens. Journal of Ultrastructural Research. 1968; 26: 8-16.

Bidwell, J. R.; Gorrie, J. R. Acute toxicity of a herbicide to selected frog species. W.A. Department of Environmental Protection. 1995.
Key words: glyphosate, Roundup, surfactants.

Blaustein, A. R.; Edmond, B.; Kiesecker, J. M.; Beatty, J. J.; Hokit, D. G. Ambient ultraviolet radiation causes mortality in salamander eggs. Ecological Applications. 1995; 5(3): 740-743.
Key words: Ambyostoma gracile, UV-B, photolyase .

Blaustein, A. R.; Hoffman, P. D.; Hokit, D. G.; Kiesecker, J. M.; Walls, S. C.; Hays, J. B. UV repair and resistance to solar UV-B in amphibian eggs: A link to population declines? Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA. 1994; 91: 1791-1795.
Key words: photolyase, Rana cascadae, Bufo boreas

Blaustein, A. R.; Hokit, D. G.; O�Hara, R. K.; Holt, R. A. Pathogenic fungus contributes to amphibian losses in the Pacific northwest. Biological Conservation. 1994; 67: 251-254.
Key word: Saprolegnia

Blaustein AR, Kiesecker JM. Complexity in conservation: lessons from the global decline of amphibian populations. Ecology Letters 2002;5(4):597-608.

Blaustein AR, Kiesecker JM, Chivers DP, Anthony RG. Ambient UV-B radiation causes deformities in amphibian embryos. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 1997;94:13735-13737.
Key words: ultraviolet, salamanders, abnormalities.

Blaustein AR, Romansic JM, Kiesecker JM, Hatch AC. Ultraviolet radiation, toxic chemicals and amphibian population declines Diversity and Distributions 2003;9(2):123-140.

Blaustein AR, Wake DB, Sousa WP. Amphibian declines: Judging stability, persistence, and susceptibility of populations to local and global extinctions. Conservation Biology 1994;8(1):60-71.

Blaustein, A. R.; Wake, D. B. The puzzle of declining amphibian populations. Scientific American. 1995 April: 56-61.
Key words: egg mortality, Rana cascadae, Bufo boreas, photolyase

Bloomhall, S.D., Osborne, W.S., Cunningham, R.B. Comparative effects of ambient ultraviolet-B radiation on two sympatric species of Australian frogs. Conservation Biology 2000; 14: 420-427.

Bollinger, T. K.; Mao, J. H.; Schock, D.; Brigham, R. M.; Chinchar, V. G. Pathology, isolation and preliminary molecular characterization of a novel iridovirus from tiger salamanders in Saskatchewan. Journal of Wildlife Diseases. 1999; 35: 413-429.

Bonin, J.; Desgranges, J. L.; Rodrigue, J.; Ouellet, M. Anuran species richness in agricultural landscapes of Quebec: Foreseeing long term results of road call surveys. Herpetological Conservation. 1997; 1: 141-148.
Key word: pesticide

Bonin, J.; Ouellet, M.; Rodrigue, J.; Desgranges, J. L.; Gagne, F.; Sharbell, T. F.; Lowcock, L. A. Measuring the health of frogs in agricultural habitats subjected to pesticides. Herpetological Conservation. 1997; 1: 246-257.
Key words: teratogens, pathogens, redleg, deformities, PM techniques.

Booden, T.; Chao, J.; Ball, G. H. Transfer of Hepatozoon sp. from Boa constrictor to a lizard, Anolis carolinensis, by mosquito vectors . Journal of Parasitology. 1970; 56: 832.
Key words: haemogregarine, protozoa

Bool, P. H.; Kampelmacher, E. H. Some data on tha occurrence of Salmonella in animals in Surinam. Antonie van Leeunwenhoek. 1958; 24: 76-80.
Key words: Bufo marinus, bacteria.

Bosch J, Mart�nez-Solano I, Garc�a-Par�s M. Evidence of a chytrid fungus infection involved in the decline of the common midwife toad (Alytes obstetricans) in protected areas of central Spain. Biological Conservation 2001;97:331-337.

Boyer CI, Blackler K, Delanney LE. Aeromonas hydrophila infection in the Mexican Axolotyl, Siredon mexicanum. Laboratory Animal Science 1971;21(3):372-375.
Key word: bacteria

Boyer R, Grue CE. The need for water quality criteria for frogs. Environmental Health Perspective 1995;103(4):352-357.

Boyle DG, Hyatt AD, Daszak P, Berger L, Longcore JE, Porter D, Hengstberger SG, Olsen V. Cryo-archiving of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and other chytridiomycetes. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 2003;56:59-64.

Bradford, D. F. Mass mortality and extinction in a high elevation population of Rana mucosa. Journal of Herpetology. 1991; 25(2): 174-177.
Key words: 1979, Aeromonas hydrophila, Enterobacter aerogenes, E. agglomerans, bacteria.

Bradley GA, Rosen PC, Sredl MJ, Jones TR, Longcore JE. Chytridiomycosis in native Arizona frogs. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 2002;38(1):206-212.

Bragg, A. N. Saprolegnia on tadpoles again in Oklahoma. Southwestern Naturalist. 1962; 7: 79-80.
Key words: Rana pipiens berlandieri, Pseudacris streckeri streckeri, fungus

Bragg, A. N.; Bragg, W. N. Parasitism of spadefoot toads by Saprolegnia. Herpetologica. 1958; 14: 34.
Keywords: fungus, tadpole.

Bravo Farinas L, Monte Boada RJ, Cuellar Perez R, Dumas Valdivieso SC. [Aeromonas hydrophila. Infection in Xenopus laevis]. Rev Cubana Med Trop 1989;41(2):208-213. [Article in Spanish]

Brayton C. Wasting disease associated with cutaneous and renal nematodes, in commercially obtained Xenopus laevis. Annals of the New York Academy of Science 1992;653:197-201.
Pseudocapillaroides xenopi.

Brenden, R. A.; Huizinga, H. W. Pathophysiology of experimental Aeromonas hydrophila infection in mice. Journal of Medical Microbiology. 1986; 21: 311-317.
key words: Endotoxin, bacteria, haemolysin

Briggs, R. T.; Burton, P. R. Fine structure of an amphibian leukocyte virus. Journal of Submicr. Cytol.. 1973; 5: 71-78.
Key words: Rana catesbiana, heterophils

Brito-Gitirana, L. de. Histological, histochemical and ultrastructural study of the hepatic pigment of the frog, Leptodactylus ocellatus, L. Zeitschrift fuer Mikroskopisch- Anatomische Forschung (Leipzig). 1987; 101(2): 331-338.
Key word: melanophores, melanin

Brodkin, M. A.; Simon, M. P.; DeSantis, A. M.; Boyer, K. J. Response of Rana pipiens to graded doses of the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Journal of Herpetology. 1992; 26(4): 490-495.
Key words: stress, bacteria

Brown, L. E. Natural hybridization and trend toward extinction in some relict Texas toad populations. The Southwestern Naturalist. 1971; 16(2): 185.
Key words: Bufo houstonensis, habitat destruction.

Brown, L. E.; Thomas, R. A. Misconceptions about the endangered Houston toad (Bufo houstonensis). Herp Review. 1982; 12(2): 37.

Broz, O.; Kulda, J. Dermosporidium multigranulare n. sp., parasit z kuze Rana esculenta. Vestnik Ceskoslovenske Zoologicke Spolecnosti acta Societatis Zoologicae Bohemoslovenicae. 1954; 18: 91-97.

Broz, O.; Privora, M. Two skin parasites of Rana temporaria: Dermocystidium ranae Guyenot & Naville and Dermosporidium granulosum n.sp. Parasitology; 42: 65-69.

Brumpt, E. Un cas de rupture de la rate avec hemoperitoune au cours d�une infection experimentale a Trypanosoma inopinatum chez la grenoullie verte (Rana esculenta. Annales de Parasitologie. 1924; 4: 325.
Key words: hemoperitoneum, protozoa

Brumpt, M. E. Role pathogene et mode de transmission du Trypanosoma inopinatum ed. et ET. Sergent. Mode d�inoculation d�autres trypanosomes. Comptes Redus des Seanes de Societe de Biologie. 1906; 61(27): 167-169.
Key words: Helobdella algira, protozoa, anemia

Bube, A.; Burkhardt, E.; Weib, R. Spontaneous chromomycosis in the Marine toad (Bufo marinus). Journal of Comparative Pathology. 1992; 106: 73-77.
Key word: fungus

Bulger, R. J.; Sherris, M. D. The clinical significance of Aeromonas hydrophila. Archives of Internal Medicine. 1966; 118.

Burton, A. N.; McLintock, J.; Rempel, J. G. Western Equine Encephalitis Virus in Saskatchewan garter snakes and leopard frogs. Science. 1966; ?: 1029-1031.

Buttrey, B. W. Morphological variations in Tritrichomonas augusta (alexeieff) from amphibia. Journal of Morphology. 1954; 94(1): 125-163.
Key word: protozoa

C
[Top]
Calef, G. W. Natural mortality of tadpoles in a population of Rana aurora. Ecology. 1973; 54(4): 741-758.
Key words: predation, fungus

Callinan, R. B.; Fraser, G. C.; Virgona, J. L. Pathology of red spot disease in sea mullet, Mugil cephalus L. from eastern Australia. Journal of Fish Diseases. 1989; 12: 467-479.
Key words; dermatitis, myositis, fungus.

Came, P. E.; Geering, G.; Old, L. J.; Boyse, E. A. A serological study of polyhedral cytoplasmic viruses isolated from amphibia. Virology. 1968; 36: 392-400.

Canning, E. U.; Elkan, E.; Trigg, P. I. Plistophora myotrophica spec. nov., causing high mortality in the common toad Bufo bufo L., with notes on the maintenance of Bufo and Xenopus in the laboratory. Journal of Protozoology. 1964; 11(2): 157-166.
Key words: microsporidian, muscle, protozoa

Carey, C. Hypothesis concerning the causes of the disappearance of boreal toads from the mountains of Colorado. Conservation Biology. 1993; 7(2).
Key words: Bufo boreas boreas, red-leg, immunosuppression, bacteria, stress.

Carey C. Infectious disease and worldwide declines of amphibian populations, with comments on emerging diseases in coral reef organisms and in humans. Environment Health Perspective 2000;108 (suppl. 1): 143-50.

Carey C, Bryant CJ. Possible interrelations among environmental toxicants, amphibian development, and decline of amphibian populations. Environmental Health Perspectives. 1995; 103(4): 13-17.
Key words: xenobiotics, Aeromonas, immunosuppression, corticosteroids, pollutants, cold

Carey C, Cohen N, Rollins-Smith LA. Amphibian declines: An immunological perspective. Developmental Comparative Immunology 1999;23:459-472.
Key words: chytrid fungus, Batrachochytrium, irido virus, USA, Panama, Australia.

Carey C, Heyer WR, Wilkinson J, Alford RA, Arntzen JW, Halliday T, Hungerford L, Lips KR, Middleton EM, Orchard SA, Rand AS. Amphibian Declines and Environmental Change: Use of Remote-Sensing Data to Identify Environmental Correlates. Conservation Biology 2001;15(4):903-913.

Carey, C.; Maniero, G. D.; Stinn, J. F. Effect of cold on immune function and susceptibilty to bacterial infection in toads (Bufo marinus). Hulbert, G. F.; Nicol, S. C. Adaptions to the Cold: Tenth International Hibernation Symposium. Armidale: University of New England Press; 1996.

Carey, C.; Maniero, G. D.; Harper, C. W.; Snyder, G. K. Measurements of several aspects of immune function in toads (Bufo marinus) after exposure to low pH. Modulators of Immune Response. Eds Stolen, J. S.; Fletcher, T. C.; Bayne, C. J.; Secombes, C. J.; Zelikoff, J. T.; Twerdok, L. E.; Anderson, D. P. Fairhaven, New Jersey, USA: SOS Publications; 1996: 565-576.

Carini, A. Myxidium lindoyense n. sp., parasita da vescula biliar de batrachios do Brasil. Revista de Biologia e Hygiene. 1932; 3: 83-84.
Key words: gall bladder, protozoa

Carini, A. Sur une moisissure qui cause une maladie spontanee du "Leptodactylus pentadactylus". Annales de L�Pasteur. 1910: 157-160.
Key word: fungus

Carlson, D. L.; Sauerbier, W.; Rollins-Smith, L. A.; McKinnell, R. G. The presence of DNA sequences of the Lucke Herpesvirus in normal and neoplastic kidney tissue of Rana pipiens . Journal of Comparative Pathology. 1994; 110: 349-355.

Carlson, D. L.; Williams, J. W.; Rollins-Smith, L. A.; Christ, C. G.; John, J. C.; Williams, C. S.; McKinnell, R. G. Pronephric carcinoma: Chromosomes of cells rescued from apoptosis by an oncogenic herpesvirus detected with a polymerase chain reaction. Journal of Comparative Pathology. 1995; 113: 277-286.

Carpenter JL, Bachrach A Jr, Albert DM, Vainisi SJ, Goldstein MA. Xanthomatous keratitis, disseminated xanthomatosis, and atherosclerosis in Cuban tree frogs. Veterinary Pathology 1986;23(3):337-339.

Carr, A. H.; Amborski, R. L.; Culley, D. D.; Amborski, G. F. Aerobic bacteria in the intestinal tracts of bullfrogs (Rana catesbiana) maintained at low temperatures. Herpetologica. 1976; 32(3): 239-244.
Key words: Acinetobacter, Aeromonas, Bacillus, Pseudomonas.

Chao, J.; Ball, G. H. Transfer of Hepatozoon rarefaciens (Sambon and Seligman, 1907) from the indigo snake to a gopher snake by a mosquito vector. Journal of Parasitology. 1969; 55(3): 681-682.
Key words: haemogregarine, protozoa.

Chen, G. J.; Desser, S. S. The coccidia (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) of frogs from Algonquin park, with descriptions of two new species. Canadian Journal of Zoology. 1988; 67: 1686- 1689.
Key words: Eimeria algonquini, E. kermiti, protozoa

Chinabut, S.; Roberts, R. J.; Willoughby, G. R.; Pearson, M. D. Histopathology of the snakehead, Channa striatus (Bloch), experimentally infected with the specific Aphanomyces fungus associated with epizootic ulcerative syndrome (EUS) at different temperatures. Journal of Fish Diseases. 1995; 18: 41-47.

Chiodini, R. J. Salmonellosis in reptiles : A public health hazard. Proceedings of the first international colloqium on pathology of reptiles and amphibians.. 1982: 87-89.
Key word: bacteria Chitwood, M.; Lichtenfels, J. R. Parasitological review. Identification of parasitic metazoa in tissue sections. Experimental Parasitology. 1972; 32: 407-

Chinchar VG, Wang J, Murti G, Carey C, Rollins-Smith L. Inactivation of frog virus 3 and channel catfish virus by esculentin-2P and ranatuerin-2P, two antimicrobial peptides isolated from frog skin. Virology 2001;288(2):351-357.

Cicmanec, J. L.; Ringler, D. H.; Beneke, E. S. Spontaneous occurrence and experimental transmission of the fungus, Fonsecaea pedrosoi, in the marine toad, Bufo marinus. Laboratory Animal Science. 1973; 23(1): 43-47.
Key words: chromomycosis, Rana catesbiana, R. pipiens, fungus

Cleland, J. B. The Haematozoa of Australian Batrachians No 2. Royal Society of N.S.W. Journal Proceedings. 1914; 48: 412- 414.
Key word: protozoa

Cleland, J. D.; Johnston, T. H. The Haematozoa of Australian Batrachians No 1. Royal Society of N.S.W. Journal Proceedings. 1910; 44: 252-262.
Key word: protozoa

Clothier, R. H.; Balls, M. Mycobacteria and lymphoreticular tumours in Xenopus laevis, the South African Clawed Toad. Oncology. 1973; 28: 445-457.
Key words: neoplasm, bacteria.

Cohen, M. L.; Potter, M.; Pollard, R.; Feldman, R. A. Turtle-associated salmonellosis in the United States. JAMA. 1980; 243(12): 1247-1249.
Key word: bacteria

Cohen MM Jr. Frog decline, frog malformations, and a comparison of frog and human health. American Journal of Medical Genetics 2001;104(2):101-109.

Cohen MM Jr. Is Kermit the frog in trouble? American Journal of Medical Genetics 2001;104(2):99-100.

Cohen N, Effrige NJ, Parsons SCV, Rollins-Smith LA, Nagata S, Albright D. Identification and treatment of lethal nematode Capillaria xenopodis infection in tha South African frog, Xenopus laevis. Developmental and comparative immunology 1984;8:739-741.

Colam, J. B. Some observations on the nutrition of four species of nematode. Parasitology. 1968; 58: 3.
Key words: Rhabdias bufonis, R. sphaerocephala, Cosmocerca ornata

Colt, J.; Brooks, D.; Orwicz, K. Effects of gas-supersaturated water on Rana catesbeiana tadpoles. Aquaculture. 1984: 127-136.
Key words: Aeromonas hydrophila, bacteria

Colt, J.; Orwicz, K.; Brooks, D. Gas Bubble Disease in the African Clawed Frog, Xenopus laevis. Journal of Herpetology. 1984; 18(2): 131-137.
Key words: Aeromonas, bacteria.

Cooke, A. S. Indications of recent changes in status in the British Isles of the frog (Rana temporaria) and the toad (Bufo bufo). Journal of Zoology. 1972; 167: 161-178.
Key words: habitat loss, insecticides, road kills

Cooper JE. Diagnostic pathology of selected diseases in wildlife. Revue Scientifique et Technique 2002;21(1):77-89.

Cooper, J. E.; Needham, J. R.; Griffin, J. A bacterial disease of Darwin�s frog (Rhinoderma darwini). Laboratory Animals. 1978; 12: 91-93.
Key words: Ulceration, Aeromonas liquefaciens.

Coremans-Pelseneer. Isolation of Basidiobolus meristosporus from natural sources. Mycopathologia et Mycologia applicata. 1973; 49(2-3): 173-176.
Key word: fungus.

Corn, P. S. Effects of ultraviolet radiation on boreal toads in Colorado. Ecological Applications. 1998; 8: 18-26.

Corn, P. S.; Bury, B. Logging in western Oregon: Responses of headwater habitats and stream amphibians. Forest Ecology and Management. 1989; 29: 39-57.

Corn, P. S.; Fogleman, J. C. Extinction of Montane Populations of the Northern Leopard Frog (Rana pipiens) in Colorado. Journal of Herpetology. 1984; 18(2): 147-152.

Cort, W. W.; Brackett, S.; Olivier, L. Lymnaeid snails as second intermediate hosts of the strigeid trematode, Cotylurus flabelliformis (Faust, 1917). The Journal of Parasitology. 1937; 30: 309-321.

Cosgrove GE, Jared DW. Diseases and parasites of Xenopus, the clawed toad. Amborski, R. l.; Hood, M. A.; Miller, R. R. Proceedings of Gulf Coast regional symposium on diseases of aquatic animals ; Louisiana State University. Louisiana; 1974:225-242.

Cosgrove GE, Jared DW. Treatment of skin-invading capillarid nematode in a colony of South African clawed frogs (Xenopus laevis). Lab Animal Sci. 1977;27:526-527.

Costa, S. C. G. da; Pereira, N. de M. Lankesterella allencari N. sp., A toxoplasma-like organism in the central nervous system of Amphibia (Protozoa, Sporozoa). Memorial Institute of Oswaldo Cruz. 1971; 69(3): 397-411.
Key words: Leptodactylus ocellatus, protozoa.

Costa, S. C. G.da; Pessoa, S. B.; Pereira, N. de M.; Colombo, E. T. The life history of Hepatozoon leptodactyli (Lesage, 1908) Pessoa, 1970 -a parasite of the common laboratory animal - the frog of the genus Leptodactylus. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. 1973; 71(1/2): 1-8.
Key word: protozoa

Costa, S. C. G.; Silva, A. M.; Bernaola, N. M.; Pereira, N. M. The problem of Toxoplasmosis in Amphibia (Part II) (Protozoa, Sporozoa). Revista Brasileira de Biologia. 1970; 30(3): 367-370.
Key words: Leptodactylus ocellatus, haemogregarine, Lankesterella, protozoa.

Crawshaw, G. J. Medical care of amphibians. American Association of Zoo Veterinarians. Workshop on the Medicine and Management of Amphibians; 1989; Greensboro.

Cribb, T. H.; Barton, D. P. Zeylanurotrema spearei sp.n. (Digenea: Brachylaimidae) from the cane toad, Bufo marinus, in Australia. Zoologica Scripta 1991;20(3):207-213.

Cromeens DM, Robbins VW, Stephens LC. Diagnostic exercise: Cutaneous lesions in frogs. Laboratory Animal Science 1987;37:58-59.

Crump D, Berrill M, Coulson D, Lean D, McGillvray L, Smith A. Sensitivity of amphibian embryos, tadpoles and larvae to enhanced UV-B radiation in natural pond conditions. Canadian Journal of Zoology 1999; 77: 1956-1966.

Crump, M. L.; Pounds, J. A. Lethal parasitism of an aposematic anuran (Atelopus varius) by Notochaeta bufonivora) (Diptera: Sarcophigidae). Journal of Parasitology. 1985; 7(5): 588-591.
Key words: myiasis, flies.

Cugnani, H. C.; Okafor, J. I. Mycotic flora of the intestine and other internal organs of certain reptiles and amphibians with special reference to characteriziation of Basidiobolus isolates. Mykosen. 1980; 23: 260-268.
Key words: Bufo bufo, Candida, fungus.

Cullen, B. R.; Owens, L.; Whittington, R. J. Experimental infection of Australian anurans (Limnodynastes terraereginae and Litoria latopalmata) with Bohle iridovirus. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms. 1995; 23: 83-92.

Cunningham AA, Daszak P, Rodriguez JP. Pathogen polution: defining a parasitological threat to biodiversity conservation. Journal of Parasitology 2003;89(Suppl):S78-S83.

Cunningham, A. A.; Langton, T. E. S.; Bennett, P. M.; Drury, S. E. N.; Gough, R. E.; Kirkwood, J. K. Unusual mortality associated with poxvirus-like particles in frogs (Rana temporaria). Veterinary Record. 1993; 133: 141-142.

Cunningham AA, Sainsbury AW, Cooper JE. Diagnosis and treatment of a parasitic dermatitis in a laboratory colony of African clawed frogs (Xenopus laevis). Veterinary Record 1996;138:640-642.
Key words: Pseudocapillaroides, nematode, Fusarium solani, Pseudomonas, fungus, bacteria.

Cunningham AA, Langton TES, Bennett PM, Lewin JF, Drury SEN, Gough RE, Macgregor SK. Pathological and microbiological findings from incidents of unusual mortality of the common frog (Rana temporaria). Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 1996;351:1539-1557.
Key word: iridovirus.

Cunningham, A. A.; Langton, T. E. S.; Bennett, P. M.; Lewin, J. F.; Drury, S. E. N.; Gough, R. E.; MacGregor, S. K. Investigations into unusual mortalities of the common frog (Rana temporaria) in Britain. Fifth international colloquium on the Pathology of Reptiles and Amphibians. 1995: The Netherlands.

Czechura, G. The Twilight Zone. Wildlife Australia. 1991 Jun: 21-22.
Key words: Pseudophryne corroboree, Litoria pearsoniana, L. lesueuri, Mixophyes, Adelotus brevis, L. gracilienta, L. spenceri, Nyctimystes dayi, Assa darlington

Czechura, V. C.; Ingram G.I. Taudactylus diurnus and the case of the disappearing frogs. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum. 1990; 29(2): 361-365.
Key words: Southern Day Frog, Rheobatrachus, 1979.

D
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Darlington, R. W.; Granoff, A.; Breeze, D. C. Viruses and renal carcinoma of Rana pipiens II. Ultrastructural studies and sequential development of virus isolated from normal and tumor tissue. Virology. 1966; 29: 149-156.

Daszak P., Berger, L., Cunningham, A. A., Hyatt, A. D., Green, D. E. and Speare, R. Emerging infectious diseases and amphibian population declines. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 1999; 5(5):735-748.

Daszak P, Cunningham AA. Anthropogenic change, biodiversity loss, and a new agenda for emerging diseases. Journal of Parasitology 2003;89(Suppl):S37-S41.

Daszak P, Cunningham AA, Hyatt AD. Emerging Infectious Diseases of Wildlife - Threats to biodiversity and human health. Science 2000;287: 443-449.

Daszak P, Cunningham AA, Hyatt AD. Infectious disease and amphibian population declines. Diversity and Distributions 2003;9:141-150.

Davidson EW, Parris M, Collins JP, Longcore JE, Pessier AP, Brunner J. Pathogenicity and transmission of chytridiomycosis in tiger salamanders (Ambylostoma tigrinum). Copeia 2003(3):601-607.

Davis, W. A.; Kane, J. G.; Garagusi, V. F. Human Aeromonas infections: A review of the literature and a case report of endocarditis. Medicine. 1978; 57(3): 267-277.
Key word: bacteria

Dawe, C. J. Some comparative morphological aspects of renal neoplasms in Rana pipiens and of lymphosarcoma in amphibia. Berlin: Springer-Verlag; 1969: 429-440. (M. Mizell, Recent Results in Cancer Research (Special supplement) Biology of Amphibian Tumours).
Key word: virus

de Alencar, A. A. Toxoplasmose espontanea e inaparente em anfibos dos generos Leptodactylus E Bufo. Jornal Brasileiro de Neurologia. 1957; 9: 137-146.
Key words: Toxoplasma gondii, protozoa

De Sousa, M. A.; Weigl, D. R. The viral nature of Toddia Franca, 1912. Journal of Protozoology. 1975; 22: 36A.
Key words: Leptodactylus ocellatus, irido virus.

De Sousa, M. A.; Weigl, D. R. The viral nature of Toddia Franca 1912. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz. 1976; 74(3-4): 213-230.

Delanney, C.; Chang, S. C.; Harshbarger, J.; Dawe, C. Mast cell tumors in the caudate amphibian, Ambyostoma mexicanum. Symposium on comparative research on leukemia and related diseases; 1979; Georgia. : Elsevier North Holland; 1980: 221-222. (Advances in Comparative Leukemia Research).
Key word; neoplasm

Delvinquier, B. L. J. Myxidium immersum (Protozoa: Myxosporea) of the cane toad, Bufo marinus, in the Australian Anura, with a synopsis of the genus in amphibians. Australian Journal of Zoology. 1986; 34: 843-853.
Key words: Litoria, Limnodynastes, Mixophyes, Ranidella, Uperoleia

Delvinquier, B. L. J. Occurrence of the protozoans, Lankesterella hylae, and Haemogregarina sp., in the blood of the green tree frog, Litoria caerulea. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum. 1989; 27(2): 267-273.

Delvinquier, B. L. J. Opalinidae in Australian Anura. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland. 1987; 98: 93-122.
Key words: Zelleriella, B. marinus, protozoa

Delvinquier, B. L. J.; Freeland, W. J. Observations on Zelleriella antilliensis (Protozoa: Opalinata) from the Cane Toad Bufo marinus in Australia. Australian Journal of Zoology. 1988; 36: 317-33.
Key words: opalina

Delvinquier, B. L. J.; Freeland, W. J. On some Trypanosomes of the Australian Anura. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland. 1989; 100: 79-87.
Key word: protozoa.

Delvinquier, B. L. J.; Freeland, W. J. Protozoan parasites of the cane toad, Bufo marinus, in Australia. Australian Journal of Zoology. 1988; 36: 301-316.
Key words: Trichomatous batrachorum, Zelleriella antilliensis, Hyalodaktylethra renscuajo, Myxidium immersum, opalinids, Trichodina.

Desser, S. S. Aegyptianella ranarum sp. N. (Rickettsiale, Anaplasmataceae): Ultrastructure and prevalence in frogs from Ontario. Journal of Wildlife Diseases. 1987; 23(1): 52-59.
Key words: Rana catesbiana, R. clamitans, bacteria.

Desser, S. S. Observations on the role of Simulids and Culicids in the transmission of avian and anuran trypanosomes. International Journal for Parasitology. 1975; 5: 507-509.
Key words: Trypanasoma rotatorium, Culex territans, Rana pipiens, protozoa

Desser, S. S.; Barta, J. R. The morphological features of Aegyptianella bacterifera: an intraerythrocytic rickettsia of frogs from Corsica. Journal of Wildlife Diseases. 1989; 25(3): 313-318.
Key word: bacteria.

Desser, S. S.; Barta, J. R. Ultrastructural observations on Thrombocytozoons ranarum Tchacarof 1963, an intrathrombocytic yeast of frogs. Canadian Journal of Microbiology. 1988; 34: 1096- 1098.

Desser SS, Siddall ME, Barta JR. Ultrastructural observations on the developmental stages of Lankesterella minima (Apicomplexa) in experimentally infected Rana catesbeiana tadpoles. Journal of Parasitology 1990;76(1):97-103.

Desser, S. S.; Yekutiel, D. Blood parasites of amphibians and reptiles in Israel. Israeli Journal of Zoology. 1986; 34: 77- 90.
Key words: Rana ribida, trypanosomes, Haemogregarines, protozoa

Dhaliwal, S. S.; Griffiths, D. A. Fungal disease of Malayan toads (Bufo melanostictus). Sabouraudia. 1962; 3: 279-287.
Key word: fungus.

Dhaliwal, S. S.; Griffiths, D. A. Fungal disease in Malayan toads: an acute lethal inflammatory reaction. Nature. 1963; 197: 467-569.
Key words: Bufo melanostictus, fungus.

Diesch, S. L.; McCulloch, W. F.; Braun, J. L. Leptospires isolated from frog kidneys. Nature. 1966; 209: 939-940.
Key word: Rana pipiens

Dobell, C. C. On the intestinal protozoan parasites of frogs and toads. Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society. 1908; 14: 428-33.
Key words: Trichomastix batrachorum, Trichomonas batrachorum, Monocercomonas bufonis, amoeba, coccidia.

Dodd, C. K. Amphibians and Reptiles. The Declining Species. Water Spectrum. 1977 Dec: 24-32.
Key words: Habitat destruction, pollution, hellbender, Cryptobranchus alleganiensis, salamander.

Domrow et al. The genus Vercammenia Audy and Nadchatram in Australian frogs (Acari : Trombiculidae) Journal of Australian Entomological Society 1983; 22: 205-209.
Key words: Cophixalus neglectus, trombiculid mites.

Drost, C. A.; Fellers, G. M. Collapse of a regional frog fauna on the Yosemite area of the California Sierra Nevada, USA. Conservation Biology. 1996; 10(2): 414-425.
Key words: Rana boylii, R. mucosa, R. aurora, Bufo boreas, B. canorus, H. regilla, predatory fish, drought

Drury, S. E. N.; Gough, R. E.; Cunningham, A. A. Isolation of an iridovirus like - agent from common frogs (Rana temporaria). Veterinary Record. 1995; 137: 72-73.

Du Pasquier, L. and Robert, J. 1992. In vitro growth of thymic tumor cell lines from Xenopus laevis. Developmental Immunology 2: 295-307.

Du Pasquier, L., Courtet, M. and Robert, J. 1995. A Xenopus lymphoid tumor cell line with complete Ig genes rearrangements and T-cell characteristics. Molecular Immunology 32: 583-593.

Dumpert, K. Tests with the South African clawed toad (Xenopus laevis) for detecting chemical causes of the decrease of amphibians. Chemosphere. 1986; 15(6): 807-811.
Key word: pollution, acid

Durette-Desset, M. Cl ,. Ben Slimane, B.; Cassone, J.; Barton, D. P.; Chabaud, A. G. Johnpearsonia gen. nov. and Johnpearsoniinae subf. nov. (Molineoidea, Nematoda) from Bufo marinus with comments on the primitive trichostrongyle parasites of amphibians and reptiles. Parasite. 1994; 1: 153-160.

Duryee, W. R. Factors influencing development of tumors in frogs. Annals of the New York Academy of Science. 1965; 126(1): 59-84.
Key words: carcinoma, lymphosarcomas, liposarcomas, mesotheliomas, epitheliomas, adrenal and cartilage tumors, neoplasm, virus

Dusi, J. L. The natural occurrence of "red leg", Pseudomonas hydrophila, in a population of American toads, Bufo americanus. Ohio Journal of Science. 1949; 49(2): 70-71.
Key word: bacteria

Dykstra, M. J.; Levine, J. F.; Niga, E. J.; Hawkins, J. H.; Gerdes, P.; Hargis, W. J.; Grier, H.; Testrake, D. Ulcerative mycosis: a serious menhaden disease of the southeastern coastal fisheries of the United States. Journal of Fish Diseases. 1989; 12: 175-178.
Key word: fungus.

E
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Elkan, E. Miasis in Australian frogs. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology. 1965; 59: 51-54.
Key words: Pseudophyne bibroni, Batrachomyia quadrilineata

Elkan, E. Pathology of the Amphibia. Physiology of the Amphibia. Ed. Lofts, B. New York: Academic Press; 1976; 3: 273-314.

Elkan, E.; Murray, R. W. A larval trematode infection of the lateral line system of the toad Xenopus laevis (Daudin). Proceedings of the Zoological Society. 1951; 122: 121-126.
Key words: Metacercaria, Neascus, paralysis.

Elkan, E.; Philpot, C. M. Mycotic infections in frogs due to a Phialophora -like fungus. Sabouradia. 1973; 11: 99-105.
Key words: Hyla caerulea, Pternohyla fodiens, Phyllobates trinitatis, Rhacophorus, Hyla septentrionalis.

Elkan, E.; Reichenbach-Klinke H. Color atlas of the diseases of fishes, amphibians and reptiles. New Jersey: Neptune; 1974.

el-Mofty MM, Khudoley VV, Sakr SA, Ganem NF. Induction of neoplasms in Egyptian toads Bufo regularis by oil of chenopodium. Oncology 1992;49(3):253-255.

Emerson, H.; Norris, C. "Red-leg" - an infectious disease of frogs. Journal of Experimental Medicine. 1905; 7: 32-58.
Key word: bacteria

Essani, K.; Granoff, A. Amphibian and piscine iridoviruses. Proposal for nomenclature and taxonomy based on molecular and biological properties. Intervirology 1989; 30: 187-193.

Esslinger, J. H. Ochoterenella caballeroi sp. n. and O. nanolarvata sp.n. (Nematoda: Filarioidea) from the toad Bufo marinus. Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington. 1987; 54(1): 126-132

Esslinger, J. H. Ochoterenella figueroai sp. n. and O. lamothei sp. n. from the toad Bufo marinus. Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington. 1988; 55(2): 146-154.
Key word: microfilaria

Everard CO, Carrington D, Korver H, Everard JD. Leptospires in the marine toad (Bufo marinus) on Barbados. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 1988;24(2):334-338.

Everard, C. O. R.; Tota, B.; Bassett, D.; Ali, C. Salmonella in wildlife from Trinidad and Grenada, W.I. Journal of Wildlife Diseases. 1979; 15: 213-219.
Key words: Bufo marinus, bacteria.

Ewers, W. H. Myxobolus chimbuensis n. sp. (Family Myxobolidae; Cnidosporidia; Protozoa) from the testes of the hylid frog Litoria darlingtoni, from New Guinea. Science in New Guinea 1973;1:16-20.

F
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Fanning, J. C.; Tyler, M. J.; Shearman, D. J. C. Converting a stomach to a uterus: The microscopic structure of the stomach of the gastric brooding frog Rheobatrachus silus. Gastroenterology. 1982; 82: 62-70.

Feio CL, Bauwens L, Swinne D, De Meurichy W. Isolation of Basidiobolus ranarum from ectotherms in Antwerp zoo with special reference to characterization of the isolated strains. Mycoses 1999;42(4):291-296.

Fellers GM, Green DE, Longcore JE. Oral chytridiomycosis in the mountain yellow-legged frog (Rana muscosa). Copeia 2001;(4):945-953.

Ferraro, T. J.; Burgin, S. Amphibian decline: a case study in western Sydney. Herpetology in Australia. 1995: 197-204.
Key words: Habitat loss, pesticides, heavy metals, digenetic trematodes, predation.

Ferri V. La micosi cutanea degli anfibi anche in Italia. Bufo News 2002;1:1-4.

Fijan, N.; Matasin, Z.; Petrinec, Z.; Valpotic, I.; Zwillenberg, L. O. Isolation of an iridovirus-like agent from the green frog (Rana esculenta L.). Veterinarski Arhiv. Zagreb. 1991; 61(3): 151-158.

Fisher, R. N.; Shaffer, H. B. The decline of amphibians in California�s Great Central Valley. Conservation Biology. 1996; 10: 1387-1397.
Key words: Rana aurora, Bufo boreas, Pseudacris regilla, introduced predators.

Flajnik, M. F.; Hsu, E.; Kaufman, J. F.; Du Pasquier, L. Changes in the immune system during metamorphosis of Xenopus. Immunology Today 1987; 8: 58-64.

Flynn, R. J. Parasites of Laboratory Animals. Illinois: The Iowa State University Press/Ames; 1973. 166.

Folmar, L. C.; Sanders, H. O.; Julin, A. M. Toxicity of the herbicide glyphosate and several of its formulations to fish and aquatic invertebrates. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 1979; 8: 269-278.
Key words: Roundup, pollution

Fontenot, L. W.; Noblet, G. P.; Platt, S. G. Rotenone hazards to amphibians and reptiles. Herpetological Review. 1994; 25(4): 150-156.
Key words, fish, insects, pollution.

Frank, W. Mycotic infections in amphibians and reptiles. ?: 73-88.
Key words: Mucor amphibiorum, Hyla caerulea. Rana temporaria, R. esculenta, Bufo bufo B. alvarius, Hormodendrum dermatidis, fungus.

Frank, W.; Roester, U.; Scoler, H. J. Sphaerule formation by a Mucor species in the internal organs of amphibia. Zbl. Bakt.Hyg.,I. Abt. Orig. A,. 1974; 226: 405-417.
Key words: Bufo bufo spinosa, fungus.

Fraser, G. C.; Callinan, R. B.; Calder, L. M. Aphanomyces species associated with red spot disease: an ulcerative disease of estuarine fish from eastern Australia. Journal of Fish Diseases. 1992; 15: 173-181.
Key word: fungus.

Fraser, G. C.; Callinan, R. B. Epizootic ulcerative syndrome in Asian and Australian fishes. ASVP Proceedings. 1995 May; Melbourne: 12.
Key words: Aphanomyces, fungus

Frye, F. L. An unusual epizootic of anuran aeromoniasis. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 1985;187(11):1223-1224.
Key words: Xenopus laevis, Aeromonas, bacteria.

G
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Gillespie, G. R. Distribution, habitat and conservation status of the Giant Burrowing Frog, Heleioporus australiacus (Myobatrachidae), in Victoria. Victorian Naturalist. 1990; 107(5/ 6): 144-153.

Gillilland CD, Summer CL, Gillilland MG, Kannan K, Villeneuve DL, Coady KK, Muzzall P, Mehne C, Giesy JP. Organochlorine insecticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, and metals in water, sediment, and green frogs from southwestern Michigan. Chemosphere 2001;44(3):327-339.

Giraud, A. S.; Yeomans, N. D. Fine structure of the gastric mucous and endocrine cells of the toad, Bufo marinus. Cell and Tissue Research. 1981; 218: 663-668.

Gleeson, D. J. Experimental infection of striped marsh frog tadpoles (Limnodynastes peronii) by Ichthyophthirius multifiliis. Journal of Parasitology. 1999; 85: 568-570.
Key word: protozoa.

Glennemeler KA, Denver RJ. Sublethal effects of chronic exposure to an organochlorine compound on northern leopard frog (Rana pipiens) tadpoles. Environmental Toxicology 2001;16(4):287-297.

Glorioso, J. C.; Amborski, R. L.; Larkin, J. M.; Amborski, G. F.; Culley, D. C. Laboratory identification of bacterial pathogens of aquatic animals. American Journal of Veterinary Research. 1974; 35: 447-450.

Glorioso, J. C.; Amborski, R. L.; Amborski, G. F.; Culley, D. D. Microbiological studies on septicaemic bullfrogs (Rana catesbiana). American Journal of Veterinary Research. 1974; 35: 1241-1245.
Key words: red-leg, bacteria, Aeromonas

Goater, C. P.; Vandenbos, R. E. Effects of larval history and lungworm infection on the growth and survival of juvenile wood frogs (Rana sylvatica). Herpetologica. 1997; 53: 331-338.

Goodchild, C. G. A subcutaneous cyst parasite of bullfrogs: Histocystidium ranae, n. g.,n. sp. The Journal of Parasitology. 1953: 395-405.
Key word: protozoa.

Goldberg, S. R.; Bursey, C. R.; Tawil, R. Helminths of an introduced population of the giant toad, Bufo marinus (Anura: Bufonidae), from Bermuda. Journal of the Helminthological Society of Washington. 1995; 62: 64-67.
Key words: trematode, nematode.

Goodey, T. Two new species of the nematode genus Rhabdias. Journal of Helminthology. 1924; 2(5): 203-208.
Key words: Rhabdias sphaerocephala, Bufo vulgaris

Gould, A. R.; Hyatt, A. D.; Hengstberger, S. H.; Whittington, R. J.; Coupar, B. E. H. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect epizootic haematopoietic necrosis virus and Bohle iridovirus. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms. 1995; 22: 211-215.

Graczyk, T. K.; Cranfield, M. R.; Bicknese, E. J.; Wisnieski, A. P. Progressive ulcerative dermatitis in a captive, wild-caught South American giant tree frog (Phyllomedusa bicolor) with microsporidial septicaemia. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine. 1996; 27: 522-527.
Key word: protozoa.

Granoff, A. Frog Virus 3: A DNA virus with an unusual life- style. Prog. Medical Virology 1984; 30: 187-198.

Granoff, A. Viruses of Amphibia. Current Topics Microbiology Immunology 1969; 50: 107-137.

Granoff, A.; Gravell, M.; Darlington, R. W. Studies on the viral etiology of the renal adenocarcinoma of Rana pipiens (Lucke tumor). Recent Results in Cancer Research (Special Supplement) Biology of Amphibian Tumours. 1919 Sep; Springer Verlag. Berlin: 275-295.
Key word: virus.

Green DE. Mass morbidity and mortality of wild cane toads (Bufo marinus) on Kaua�i Island, Hawai�i (USA) in 1992 and 1994. Report for the Disease and Pathology working group (DPWG), Declining Amphibians population task force (DAPTF/IUCN/SSC), USA. 1995:1-12.
Note: Malnutrition, starvation

Green DE, Andrews J, Abell JM. Preliminary investigations on a mycotic myositis in red-spotted newts (Notopthalmus v. viridescens) from Vermont. Zwart P, Matz G. Fifth international colloquium on the pathology of reptiles and amphibians; 1995; The Netherlands. : 51-61.
Key words: Ichthyophonus, fungus

Green DE, Converse KA, Schrader AK. Epizootiology of sixty-four amphibian morbidity and mortality events in the USA, 1996-2001. Annals of the New York Academy of Science 2002;969:323-339.

Green DE, Sherman CK. Diagnostic histological findings in Yosemite toads (Bufo canorus) from a die-off in the 1970s. Journal of Herpetology 2001;35(1):92-103.

Green SL, Bouley DM. Tolwani RJ, Waggie KS, Lifland BD, Otto GM, Ferrell JE. Identification and management of an outbreak of Flavobacterium meningosepticum infection in a colony of South African clawed frogs (Xenopus laevis). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 1999; 214: 1833-.
Key words: bacteria, captive husbandry, epidemic.

Green SL, Lifland BD, Bouley DM, Brown BA, Wallace RJ Jr, Ferrell JE Jr. Disease attributed to Mycobacterium chelonae in South African clawed frogs (Xenopus laevis). Comparative Medicine 2000;50(6):675-679.

Groff JM, Mughannam A, McDowell TS, Wong A, Dykstra MJ, Frye FL, Hedrick RP. An epizootic of cutaneous zygomycosis in cultured dwarf African clawed frogs (Hymenochirus curtipes) due to Basidiobolus ranarum. Journal of Medical and Veterinary Mycology. 1991; 29: 215-223.
Key words: fungus, benzalkonium chloride.

Gruia-Gray J, Desser SS. Cytopathological observations and epizootiology of frog erthrocytic virus in bullfrogs (Rana catesbiana). Journal of Wildlife Diseases 1992;28(1):34-41.
Key words: Culex territans, Forcipomyia fairfaxensis, anemia.

Gupta BR, Pal SC, Narula AS. Isolation of Salmonellae from wall lizards and non agglutinating vibrios from frogs. Journal of Communicable Diseases 1980;12(3):148-150.

Guyenot, E.; Naville, A. Un noveau protiste, du genre Dermocystidium, parasite de la Grenouille. Dermocystidium ranae nov. spec. Revue Suisse de Zoologie. 1922; 29: 133-145.

Gutova VP, Naumov RL, Chynikhin SP. [Interrelation between invertebrates and tickborne encephalitis virus. Discussion. 4. Amphibians and reptiles]. Med Parazitol (Mosk) 1985 Jan-Feb;(1):44-46. [Article in Russian]

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Haimovich, J.; Du Pasquier, L. Specificity of antibodies in amphibian larvae possessing a small number of lymphocytes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 1973; 70: 1898-1902.
Key word: immunology

Hakkinen J, Pasanen S, Kukkonen JV. The effects of solar UV-B radiation on embryonic mortality and development in three boreal anurans (Rana temporaria, Rana arvalis and Bufo bufo). Chemosphere 2001;44(3):441-446.

Halliday T. Do frogs make good canaries? Biologist (London) 2000;47(3):143-146.

Harshbarger, J. C. Epizootiology of leukemia and lymphoma in poikilotherms. Advances in Comparative Leukemia Research. 1981: 39-46.
Note: Mast cell neoplasms, axolotyls, Ambyostoma mexicanum, Granulocytic leukemia, Xenopus laevis.

Haswell, W. A. Jottings from the Biological Laboratory of Sydney University. 14. On a remarkable flat-worm parasitic in the golden frog. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of N.S.W.. 1890; 5: 661-666.
Note: Hyla aurea, Cestode, Schistocephalus.

Hayes, M. P.; Jennings, M. R. Decline of ranid frog species in western North America: Are bullfrogs (Rana catesbiana) responsible? Journal of Herpetology. 1980; 20: 490-508.
Key words: Aeromonas hydrophila, bacteria.

Hengstberger, S. G.; Hyatt, A. D.; Speare, R.; Coupar, B. E. H. Comparison of epizootic haematopoietic necrosis and Bohle iridoviruses, recently isolated Australian iridoviruses. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms. 1993; 15: 93-107.

Hero, J. M. A Froggy forecast -The search for Victoria�s rarest tree frog. Wildlife Australia. 1991: 14-15.
Key words: Spotted Tree Frog, Litoria spenceri, drought, fish, damns, forestry, mining.

Hero, J. M.; Hines, H.; Meyer, E.; Morrison, C.; Streatfeild, C.; Roberts, L. New records of "declining" frogs in Queensland (- February 1998). Froglog 1998; 29.

Heyer, W. R.; Rand, A. R.; Goncalvez Da Cruz, C. A.; Peixoto, O. L. Decimations, extinctions, and colonizations of frog populations in Southeast Brazil and their Evolutionary Implications. Biotropica. 1988; 20(3): 230-235.
Key words: Hyla albopunctata, Fritziana ohausi, declines, 1979.

Hipolito, M.; Baldassi, L.; Calil, E.; Moulin, A.; Macruz, R. Nodules with calcium deposit in bullfrog (Rana catesbiana Shaw, 1802) tadpole and imago. B. Inst. Pesca. 1995; 22: 121-127.

Hipolito, M.; Leme, M.; Mallozzi, M. Mycotoxicosis by Aflatoxin B, in bullfrog (Rana catesbiana Shaw, 1802) Arq. Inst. Biol., Sao Paulo. 1997; 64: 81-86.

Hipolito, M.; Moulin, A.; Calil, E.; Baldassi, L. Intestinal obstructive processes, from different causes, in bullfrog (Rana catesbiana Shaw, 1802) from frog farms in the state of Saoi Paulo, Brazil. Arq. Inst. Biol., Sao Paulo. 1998; 65: 103-110.

Hird DW, Diesch SL, McKinnell RG, Gorham E, Martin FB, Kurtz SW, Dubrovolny C. Aeromonas hydrophila in wild-caught frogs and tadpoles (Rana pipiens) in Minnesota. Laboratory Animal Science 1981;31:166-169.
Key words: bacteria

Hoffman, WM A.; Janer, J. L. Bufo marinus as a vector of helminth ova in Puerto Rico. Journal of Public Health and Tropical Medicine. 1941; 16: 501-504.
Key words: Ascaris, whip worm.

Honeyman, V. L.; Mehren, K. G.; Barker, I. K.; Crawshaw, G. J. Bordetella septicaemia and chlamydiosis in eyelash leaf frogs (Ceratobatrachus guentheri). Proceedings of the Joint Meeting of the AAZV and AAWV. 1992: 68.

Hopkins S, Channing A. Chytridiomycosis in Northern and Western cape frog populations, South Africa. Froglog 2002;54:1-2.

Houlahan JE, Findlay CS, Schmidt BR, Meyer AH, Kuzmin SL. Quantitative evidence for global amphibian population declines. Nature 2000;404(6779):752-755.

Howerth EW. Pathology of naturally occurring chlamydiosis in African clawed frogs (Xenopus laevis). Veterinary Pathology 1984;21:28-32.
Key words: bacteria, chlamydia

Hubbard GB. Aeromonas hydrophila infection in Xenopus laevis. Laboratory Animal Science 1981;31:297-300.
Key word: bacteria

I
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Iglauer F, Willmann F, Hilken G, Huisinga E, Dimigen J. Anthelmintic treatment to eradicate cutaneous capillariasis in a colony of South African clawed frogs (Xenopus laevis). Laboratory Animal Science 1997;47:477-82.

Ingles, L. G. Studies on the structure and life-history of Ostiolum oxyorchis (Ingles) from the California red-legged frog, Rana aurora draytoni. University of California Publications in Zoology. 34 ed. Berkeley, California: University of California Press; 1935: 135-161.
Keywords: lung, trematode.

Ingles, L. G. Worm parasites of California amphibia. 1934: 73-92.

Inglis, W. G. Nematodes parasitic in Western Australian frogs. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Zoology. 1968; 16(4): 163-183.
Key words: Cosmocercidae, Oxyuridae, Parathelandros.

Ingram, G. The earliest record of the ?extinct platypus frog. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum. 1991; 3: 454.
Key words: Rheobatrachus silus

Ingram, G. J. An update on the decline of Queensland�s frogs. Herpetology in Australia. : 297-303.

Ippen R, Zwart P. Infectious and parasitic disease of captive reptiles and amphibians, with special emphasis on husbandry practices which prevent or promote diseases. Rev Sci Tech 1996;15(1):43-54.

J
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Jaeger, J. Die Tuberkulose der Amphibien. Kleintierpraxis. 1988; 33: 319-320.
Key words: tuberculosis, bacteria, mycobacteria

Jancovich, J. K.; Davidson, E. W.; Morado, J. F.; Jacobs, B. L.; Collins, J. P. Isolation of a lethal virus from the endangered tiger salamander Ambyostoma tigrinum stebbinsi. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms. 1997; 31: 161-167.

Joglar, R. L.; Burrowes, P. A. Declining amphibian populations in Puerto Rico. Contributions to West Indian Herpetology: A tribute to Albert Schwartz. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles. New York: Ithaca; 1996: 371-380. (Powell, R.; Henderson, R. W. Contributions to Herpetology; v. 12).
Key words: Eleutherodactylus karlschmidt, E. japeri, E. eneidae

Johnson, C. R. Herbicide toxicities to some Australian anurans and the effect of subacute dosages on temperature tolerance. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 1976; 59: 79-83.
Key words: Adelotus brevis, Limnodynastes peroni, Bufo marinus, L. ewingi, L. tasmaniensis, pollution.

Johnson M, Speare R. Survival of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in water: quarantine and control implications. Emerging Infectious Diseases 2003;9(8):922-925.

Johnson PT, Lunde KB, Ritchie EG, Launer AE. The effect of trematode infection on amphibian limb development and survivorship. Science 1999;284(5415):802-804.

Johnston, T. H. Notes on some entozoa. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland. 1912; 24: 63-95. Key words: Hyla aurea, Ophiotaenia hylae, H. caerulea, Sparganum, Echinorhynchus

Johnston, T. H. Some new Queensland endoparasites. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland. 1914; 26: 76-84.
Key words: Echinorhynchus hylae, Hyla caerulea, Agamonema, Spiropteridae.

Johnston, T. H.; Bancroft, M. J. A parasite, Myxobolus hylae Sp. Nov.. of the reproductive organs of the golden swamp frog, Hyla aurea. ?. ?: 169-175.
Key words: oviduct, teste, protozoa.

Johnston, T. H.; Deland, E. W. Australian acanthocephala, No. 1. Census of recorded hosts and parasites. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia. 1929; 53(146-154): 146-154.
Key word: Echinorhynchus hylae, Hyla caerulea, H. aurea.

Johnston, T. H.; Deland, E. W. Australian Acanthocephala, No. 2. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia. 1929; 53: 155-166.
Key words: Sphaerechinorhynchus rotundocapitatus, black snake.

Johnston, T. H.; Edmonds, S. J. Australian Acanthocephala No. 7. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia. 1949; 72: 69-76.

Johnston, T. H.; Mawson, P. M. Some nematodes from Kangaroo Island, South Australia. Records of the South Australian Museum. 1941; 7: 146-148.
Key words: Hyla jervisiensis, Raillietnema kartanum, Aplectana flindersi, Hedruris hylae.

Johnston, T.; Simpson, E. R. Some nematodes from Australian Frogs. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia. 1942; 66: 172-179.
Key words: Oswaldocruzia limnodynastes, L. dorsalis, Spironoura hylae, Hyla aurea, Cosmocerca limnodynastes, Cosmocerca australiensis, C. propinqua, Rhabdias hylae, Hyla peroni, L. tasmaniensis.

Jung, R. E.; Jagoe, C. H. Effects of low pH and aluminium on body size, swimming performance, and susceptibility to predation of green tree frog (Hyla cinerea) tadpoles. Canadian Journal of Zoology. 1995; 73: 2171-2183.
Key word: pollution

K
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Kalina GP, Moiseenko NN, Kabanova TP. [Reptiles, the chief reservoir of Edwardsiella in nature]. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1981 Jul;(7):93-99. [Article in Russian]

Kalyani, G. A.; Patil, H. S. Effects of lead treatment on hepatic histopathology of frog Rana tigerina (Daud). Pollution Research. 1986; 3&4: 125-128.

Kameswari, M.; Narsimha Rao, L. Studies on host-parasite relationships. 1. Post helminth infection hematological changes in Rana tigrina. Acta Parasitologica Polonica. 1987; 32(2): 187-193.
Key words: Mehraorchis ranarum, trematodes, Tremiorchis ranarum, Ganeo tigrinum, cestodes, Protocephalus tigrinus, nematodes, Camallanus baylisi.

Kaneene JB, Taylor RF, Sikarskie JG, Meyer TJ, Richter NA. Disease patterns in the Detroit Zoo: a study of reptilian and amphibian populations from 1973 through 1983. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 1985;187(11):1132-1133.

Khan, M. S. The impact of human activities on the status and distribution of amphibians in Pakistan. Hamdryad. 1990; 15(1): 21-24.
Key words: agriculture, pesticides, road kills, declines

Kiesecker, J. M.; Blaustein, A. R. Influences of egg laying behaviour on pathogenic infection of amphibian eggs. Conservation Biology. 1997; 11(1): 214-220.
Key words: Saprolegnia ferax, Bufo boreas, Rana cascadae, Hyla, UV, acidity, fungus.

Kiesecker JM, Blaustein AR, Belden LK. Complex causes of amphibian population declines. Nature 2001;410(6829):681-684.

Kiesecker JM, Blaustein AR, Miller CL. Transfer of a pathogen from fish to amphibians. Conservation Biology 2001;15(4):1064-1070.

Kloss, G. R. Rhabdias (Nematoda, Rhabditoidea) from the marinus group of Bufo. A study of sibling species. Arqivos de Zoologia. 1974; 25(2): 61-120.

Kostiukov MA, Gordeeva ZE, Bulychev VP, Nemova NV, Daniiarov OA. [The lake frog (Rana ridibunda)--one of the food hosts of blood-sucking mosquitoes in Tadzhikistan--a reservoir of the West Nile fever virus]. Med Parazitol (Mosk) 1985 May-Jun;(3):49-50. [Article in Russian]

Kudo, R. R.; Sprague, V. On Myxidium immersum (Lutz) and M. serotinumn sp., two myxosporidian parasites of salientia of South and North America . Revista de Medicina Tropical Y Parasitologia. 1940; 6: 65-73.
Key word: protozoa

Kulp, W. L.; Borden, D. G. Further studies on Proteus hydrophila, the etiological agent in "red leg" disease of frogs. Journal of Bacteriology. 1942; 44: 673-685.
Key word: bacteria

L
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Lainson, R.; Paperna, I. Light and electron microsope study of a Lankesterella petiti n. sp., (Apicomplexa: Lankesterellidae) infecting Bufo marinus (Amphibia :Anura) in Para, North Brazil. Parasite. 1995; 2: 307-313.
Key word: protozoa

Lair, S. Chlamydiosis in frogs. Canadian Association of Zoo and Wildlife Veterinarians - Newsletter. 1997 Dec: 5-6.
Key words: Litoria aurea, ascites.

Lamirande EW, Nichols DK. Effects of host age on susceptibility to cutaneous chytridiomycosis in blue-and-yellow poison dart frogs (Dendrobates tinctorius). In: McKinnell RG, Carlson DL. Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium on the Pathology of Reptiles and Amphibians. Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA. 2002;3-13.

Lane EP, Weldon C, Bingham J. Histological evidence of chytridiomycosis in a free-ranging amphibian (Afrana fuscigula (Anura: Ranidae)) in South Africa. Journal of South African Veterinary Association 2003;74:20-21.

Langdon, J. S.; Humphrey, J. D. Epizootic haematopoietic necrosis, a new viral disease in redfin perch, Perca fluviatilis L., in Australia. Journal of Fish Diseases. 1987; 10: 289-297.
Key word: virus

Langdon, J. S.; Humphrey, J. D.; Williams, L. M.; Hyatt, A. D.; Westbury, H. A. . First virus isolation from Australian fish: an iridovirus-like pathogen from redfin perch, Perca fluviatilis L. Journal of Fish Diseases. 1986; 9: 263-268.

Laurance, W. F.; McDonald, K. R.; Speare, R. Epidemic disease and catastrophic decline of Australian rain forest frogs. Conservation Biology. 1996; 10(2): 1-9.

Laurance, W. F.; McDonald, K. R.; Speare, R. In defense of the epidemic disease hypothesis. Conservation Biology. 1997; 11.

Lefcort H.; Hancock, K. A.; Maur, K. M.; Rostal, D. C. The effects of used motor oil, silt, and the water mold Saprolegnia parasitica on the growth and survival of mole salamanders (Genus Ambyostoma). Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 1997; 32: 383-388.
Key word: fungus, pollution.

Lehmann, D. L. Cytomoeba bacterifera Labbe, 1894. I. Morphology and host incidence of the parasite in California. Journal of Protozoology. 1961; 8: 29-33.
Key word: protozoa.

Lehmann, D. Two blood parasites of Peruvian amphibia. Journal of Parasitology. 1966; 52: 616.
Key words: Bufo marinus, B. spinosa, Cytomoeba bacterifera, trypanosome, protozoa

Levine, N. D.; Nye, R. R. A survey of blood and other tissue parasites of leopard frogs Rana pipiens in the United States. Journal of Wildlife Diseases. 1977; 13: 17-23.
Key words: Trypanosoma pipientis , Toxoplasma ranae, Isospora lieberkuehni, Haemogregarina magna, Lankesterella minima, Leptotheca ohlmacheri, Foyella sp. protozoa.

Levine, N. D.; Nye, R. R. Toxoplasma ranae sp.n. from the leopard frog Rana pipiens Linnaeus. Journal of Protozoology. 1976; 23(4): 488-490.

Lewis, D. L.; Baxter, G. T.; Johnson, K. M.; Stone, M. D. Possible extinction of the Wyoming toad, Bufo hemiophrys baxteri. Journal of Herpetology. 1985; 19(1): 166-168.

Lewis, D. J.; Dyce, A. L. Taxonomy of the Australasian Phlebotominae (Diptera: Psychdidae) with revision of Genus Sergentomyia from the region. Invertebrate Taxonomy. 1988; 2: 755-804.

Lewis, J. E.; Wagner, E. D. Hepatozoon sauromali sp. n., a Haemogregarine from Chuckwalla (Sauromalus spp.) with notes on the life history. The Journal of Parasitology. 1964; 50(1): 11- 14.

Lips, K. Mass mortality and population declines of anurans at an upland site in western Panama. Conservation Biology. 1999; 13: 117-125.

Lips, K. R. Decline of a tropical montane fauna. Conservation Biology. 1998; 12: 106-117.

Lips KR, Green DE, Papendick R. Chytridiomycosis in wild frogs from Southern Costa Rica. Journal of Herpetology 2003;37:215-218.

Lips KR, Reeve JD, Witters LR. Ecological traits predicting amphibian population declines in Central America. Conservation Biology 2003;17(4):1078-1088.

Lizana, M; Pedraza, E.M. The effects of UV-B radiation on toad mortality in mountainous areas of central Spain. Conservation Biology. 1998; 12:703-707.

Lom, J.; Dykova, I. Developments in Aquaculture and Fisheries Science. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 1992: 75.
Key word: protozoa

Long, L. E.; Saylor, L. S.; Soule, M. E. A pH/UV-B synergism an amphibians. Conservation Biology. 1995; 9(5): 1301-1303.
Key words: Rana pipiens, embryos, decline.

Longcore, J.E., Pessier, A.P. and Nichols, D.K. (1999) Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis gen. et sp. nov., a chytrid pathogenic to amphibians. Mycologia 91: 219-227.

Loo, S. K.; Wong, W. C. Histochemical observations on the mucins of the gastrointestinal tract in the toad (Bufo melanostictus). Acta anatomy. 1975; 91: 97-103.

Lucke, B. Carcinoma in the leopard frog: Its probable causation by a virus. Journal of Experimental Medicine. 1938; 63: 457-468.

Lucke, B. A neoplastic disease of the kidney of the frog, Rana pipiens. 1938: 352-379.

Lunger, P. D. Fine structure studies of cytoplasmic viruses associated with frog tumours. Berlin: Springer-Verlag; 1969: 296- 309. (M. Mizell, ed. Recent Results in Cancer Research (Special supplement) Biology of Amphibian Tumours).
Key words: renal adenocarcinomas

Lunger, P. D. The isolation and morphology of the Lucke frog kidney tumor virus. Virology. 1964; 24: 138-145.

M
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Machin, K. L. Amphibian pain and analgesia. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine. 1999; 30: 20-10.
Key word: opioids.

Mackerras, M. J.; Mackerras, L. M. The Haematozoa of Australian frogs and fish. Australian Journal of Zoology. 1960; 9(1).
Key word: protozoa

Mackness, B. Infestation of the Pheasant Coucal by the acanthocephalan Porrochis hylae (Edmonds). Emu. 1977; 77: 39.
Key words: Litoria, Limnodynastes.

Mahony M. Prevalence of Chytrid in populations of frogs in eastern New South Wales. Getting the Jump on Amphibian Diseases: Conference and Workshop Compendium. Cairns, 26-30 August 2000. 2000:44.

Mahony, M. The declines of the green and golden bell frog Litoria aurea viewed in the context of declines and disappearances of other Australian frogs. Australian Zoologist. 1996; : 237-247.

Mahony, M. J. The status of frogs in the Watagan Mountains area the Central Coast of New South Wales. Herpetology in Australia. 1990: 257-264.
Key words: Mixophyes balbus, M. iteratus, Litoria aurea , Heath frog, Pseudophryne bibroni, mosquito fish,

Maniero GD, Carey C. Changes in selected aspects of immune function in the leopard frog, Rana pipiens, associated with exposure to cold. Journal of Comparative Physioliogy 1997;167:256-263.
Key words: temperature, lymphocyte proliferation.

Mann, R. M.; Bidwell, J. R. The toxicity of glyphosate and several glyphosate formulations to four species of southwestern Australian frogs. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 1999; 36: 193-199

Mann, K. H.; Tyler, M. J. Leeches as endoparasites of frogs. Nature. 1963; 197.
Key word: Philaemon.

Mao, J. H.; Green, D. E.; Fellers, G.; Chinchar, V. G. Molecular characterization of iridoviruses isolated from sympatric amphibians and fish. Virus research. 1999; 63: 45-52.

Mao, J.; Tham, T. N.; Gentry, G. A.; Aubertin, A.; Chinchar, V. G. Cloning, sequence analysis, and expression of the major capsid protein of the iridovirus Frog Virus 3. Virology 1996; 216: 431- 436.

Marquez, R.; Olmo, J. L.; Bosch, J. Recurrent mass mortality of larval midwife toads Alytes obstetricans in a lake in the Pyrenean mountains. Herpetological Journal. 1995; 5: 287-289.
Key words: Aeromonas hydrophila, bacteria

Marsh, D.M.; Pearman, P.B. Effects of habitat fragmentation on the abundance of two species of Leptodactylid frogs in an Andean montane forest. Conservation Biology. 1998; 11:1323-1328.

Marshall, A. M. The frog: An introduction to anatomy, histology and embryology. Newth, H, G. ed. London: MacMillan and co.; 1947; Twelfth edition.

Marshall, C. J. The reappearance of Taudactylus (Anura: Myobatrachidae) in north Queensland streams. Pacific Conservation Biology. 1998; 4: 39-41.

Mathur, D. S.; Rane, P. D. Histopathological changes in the liver and intestine of Rana cyanophlyctis (SCHN) induced by endrin. Proc. Symp. Environmental Biology, India. 1979: 415-417.
Key word: pollution

Mawson, P. M. The nematode genus Maxvachonia ( Oxyurata: Cosmocercidae) in Australian reptiles and frogs. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia. 1972; 96(2): 101-108.

May, R. Conservation and Disease. Conservation Biology. 1988; 2: 28-30.

Mazzoni R, Cunningham AC, Daszak P, Apolo A, Perdomo E, Speranza G. Emerging pathogen of wild amphibians in frogs (Rana catesbiana) farmed for international trade. Emerging Infectious Diseases 2003;9(8):995-998.

McDonald, K. Rheobatrachus Liem and Taudactylus Straughan & Lee (Anura : Leptodactylidae) in Eungella National Park, Queensland: distribution and decline. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia. 1990; 114(4): 187-194.

McKenzie, R. A.; Hall, W. T. K. Dermal ulceration of Mullet (Mugil cephalus). Australian Veterinary Journal. 1976; 52: 230- 231.
Key word: fungus

McKinnell R.G. Continued diminished prevalence of the Lucke renal adenocarcinoma in Minnesota leopard frogs. The American Midland Naturalist. 1979; 104: 402-404.
Key words: Rana pipiens, virus.

McKinnell. R. G. The Lucke frog kidney tumor and its herpesvirus. American Zoologist. 1973; 13: 97-114.
Key word: Rana pipiens

McKinnell, R. G. Incidence and histology of renal tumours of leopard frogs from the north central states. Annals New York Academy of Sciences. 1965; 126(1): 85-98.
Key words: Rana pipiens, virus

McKinnell, R. G. Lucke renal adenocarcinoma: Epidemiological aspects. Mizell, M. Recent Results in Cancer Research (Special Supplement) Biology of Amphibian Tumours. Berlin: Springer Verlag; 1919 Sep: 254-260.
Key words: Rana pipiens, virus.

McKinnell, R. G.; Carlson, D. L. Lucke renal adenocarcinoma, an anuran neoplasm: Studies at the interface of pathology, virology and differentiation competence. Journal of Cellular Physiology. 1997; 173: 115-118.
Key word: virus.

McKinnell, R. G.; Cunningham, W. P. Herpesviruses in metastatic Lucke renal adenocarcinoma. Differentiation. 1982; 22: 41-46.

Menard MR. External application of antibiotic to improve survival of adult laboratory frogs (Rana pipiens). Laboratory Animal Science 1984;34(1):94-96.

Middleton EM, Herman JR, Celarier EA, Wilkinson JW, Carey C, Rusin RJ. Evaluating ultraviolet radiation exposure with satellite data at sites of amphibian declines in Central and South America. Conservation Biology 2001;15(4):914-929.

Miller, E. A.; Montali, R. J.; Ramsay, E. C.; Rideout, B. A. Disseminated chromoblastomycosis in a colony of ornate horned frogs (Ceratophrys ornata). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine. 1992; 23(4): 433-438.
Key word: fungus.

Minette HP. Epidemiologic aspects of salmonellosis in reptiles, amphibians, mollusks and crustaceans--a review. International Journal of Zoonoses 1984;11(1):95-104.

Minette HP. Leptospirosis in poikilothermic vertebrates. A review. International Journal of Zoonoses 1983;10(2):111-121.

Mizell, M. State of the Art : Lucke Renal Adenocarcinoma. Mizell, M. Recent Results in Cancer Research (Special supplement) Biology of Amphibian Tumours. Berlin: Springer Verlag; 1919 Sep: 1-25.
Key word: virus.

Mizell, M.; Stackpole, W.; Isaacs, J. J. Herpestype virus latency in the Lucke tumour. Recent Results in Cancer Research (Special Supplement) Biology of Amphibian Tumours. 1919 Sep; Springer Verlag, Berlin: 337-347.

Mizell, M.; Stackpole, C. W.; Halperen, S. Herpes-type recovery from "virus-free" frog kidney tumours. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. 1968; 127: 808-814.

Mok WY, Carvalho CM. Occurrence and experimental infection of toads (Bufo marinus and B. granulosus) with Mycobacterium chelonei subsp. abscessus. Journal of Medical Microbiology. 1984; 18: 327-33.
Key word: bacteria

Mok, W. Y.; Morato de Carvalho, C.; Ferreira, L. C.; Meirreles, J. W. Natural mycotic infections in amazonian anurans . Proceedings First International Colloquium on Pathology of Reptiles and Amphibians. 1982; France: 59-65.
Key word: fungus

Monzon Moreno C, Ojeda Vargas MM, Echeita A, Usera MA. Occurrence of Salmonella in cold-blooded animals in Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 1995;68(3):191-194.

Moody, N. J. G.; Owens, L. Experimental demonstration of the pathology of a frog virus, Bohle iridovirus, for a fish species, barramundi Lates calcarifer . Diseases of Aquatic Organisms. 1994; 18: 95-102.

Moravec F, Cosgrove GE. Pseudocapillaroides xenopi gen. et sp. nov. from the skin of the South African clawed frog Xenopus laevis Daud. Rev. Zool. Afr. 1982;96:129-137.

Morehouse EA, James TY, Ganley ARD, Vilgaly R, Berger L, Murphy PJ, Longcore JE. Multilocus sequence typing suggests the chytrid pathogen of amphibians is a recently emerged clone. Molecular Ecology 2003;12:395-403.

Munday, B. L.; Peel, B. F. Severe ulcerative dermatitis in platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus). Journal of Wildlife Diseases. 1983; 19(4): 363-365.
Key words: fungus, Mucor amphibiorum

Munday, B. L.; Whittington, R. J.; Stewart, N. J. Disease conditions and subclinical infections of the platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus). Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B. . 1998; 353: 1093-1099.
Key words: fungus, Mucor amphibiorum.

Murphy, T. D. High incidence of two parasitic infections and two morphological abnormalities in a population of the frog, Rana palustris Le Conte. American Midland Naturalist. 1965; 74(1): 233-239.

Muths E, Corn PS, Pessier AP, Green DE. Evidence for disease related amphibian decline in Colorado. Biological Conservation 2003;110:357-365.

Mutschmann, F. Detection of Chlamydia psittaci using an immunofluorescence test (IFT). Berl. Munch. Tierarztl. Wschr. 1998;111:187-189.
Key words: Bufo maculatum, Pachytriton, Xenopus laevis.

Mutschmann, F. A new myxozoan, Chloromyxum careni sp. n. (Myxosporea: Chloromyxidae) from the kidney of Megophrys nasuta Schlegel, 1858 (Anura; Pelobatidae) from Indonesia. Acta Protozoologica 1999;38:83-86.

Mutschmann, F. Amphibian declining - Ein weltweites Problem aus der Sicht des Tierarztes. Praktischer Tierarzt. 2000;81:12-17.
Key words: veterinary science, amphibian declines

Mutschmann, F. Eine durch Pleistophora myotrophica (Microsporidia: Pleistophoridae) hervorgerufene infektiose Muskeldegeneration bei einer afrikanischen Fleckenkrote (Bufo maculatum, Anura: Bufonidae). Praktischer Tierarzt. 2000; 81: 18-24.
Key words: protozoa, muscle degeneration, cachexia

Mutschmann F, Berger L, Zwart P, Gaedicke C. [Chytridiomycosis in amphibians- -first report in Europe] Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr. 2000;113(10):380-383. [In German]

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Newcomer CE, Anver MR, Simmons JL, Wilcke BW, Nace GW. Spontaneous and experimental infections of Xenopus laevis with Chlamydia psittaci. Laboratory Animal Science 1982;32(6):680-686.
Key word: bacteria.

Nichols, D. K. Diseases of Amphibians. American Association of Zoo Veterinarians. Workshop on the Medicine and Managment of Amphibians; 1989; Greensboro.

Nichols DK, Lamirande EW, Pessier AP, Longcore JE. Experimental transmission of cutaneous chytridiomycosis in dendrobatid frogs. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 2001;37(1):1-11.

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Noga, E. J.; Dykstra, M. J. Oomycete fungi associated with ulcerative mycosis in menhaden, Brevoortia tyrannus (Latrobe) Journal of Fish Diseases. 1986; 9: 47-53.
Key word: fungus 33.

Noga, E. J.; Levine, J. F.; Dykstra, M. J.; Hawkins, J. H. Pathology of ulcerative mycosis in Atlantic menhaden Brevoortia tyrannus. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms. 1988; 4: 189-197.
Key word: fungus

Nyman, S. Mass mortality in larval Rana sylvatica attributable to the bacterium, Aeromonas hydrophila. Journal of Herpetology. 1986; 20(2): 196-201.
Key word: bacteria.

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Obendorf, D. Wildlife disease and its relevance to conservation biology and biodiversity. Australian Biotechnology. 1995; 5: 217-219.

Obendorf, D. L.; Peel, B. F.; Munday, B. L. Mucor amphibiorum infection in platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) from Tasmania. Journal of Wildlife Diseases. 1993; 29(3): 485-487.
Key word: fungus

Ohba, M.; Aizawa, K. Lethal toxicity of arthropod iridoviruses to an amphibian Rana limncharis. Archives of Virology. 1981; 68: 153-156.

Olson ME, Gard S, Brown M, Hampton R, Morck DW. Flavobacterium indologenes infection in leopard frogs. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 1992;201(11):1766-1770.
Key word: bacteria.

Osborn, D.; Cooke, A. S.; Freestone, S. Histology of a teratogenic effect of DDT on Rana temporaria tadpoles. Environmental Pollution. 1980; 25: 305-319.
Key words: deformities, abnormalities, pollution

Osborne, W. S. Distribution, Relative Abundance and Conservation Status of Corroboree Frogs, Pseudophryne corroboree Moore (Anura: Myobatrachidae). Australian Wildife Research. 1989; 16: 537-47.
Key word: 1979

Osborne, W. S.; Norman, J. A. Conservation genetics of Corroboree frogs, Pseudophryne corroboree Moore (Anura: Myobatrachidae): Population subdivision and genetic divergence. Australian Journal of Zoology. 1991; 39: 285-97.

Osborne, W. Declining frog populations and extinctions in the Canberra region. Bogong. 1990; 11(4): 4-7.
Key words: Litoria aurea, L. raniformis, Litoria verreauxi verreauxi, L. verreauxi alpina, Pseudophryne corroborree, P. bibroni

O�Shea, P.; Speare, R.; Thomas, A. D. Salmonellas from the cane toad, Bufo marinus. Australian Veterinary Journal. 1990; 67(8): 310.
Key word: bacteria

Oullet, M.; Bonin, J.; Rodrigue, J.; DesGranges, J. L.; Lair, S. Hindlimb deformities (Ectromelia, Ectrodactyly) in free-living anurans from Agricultural habitats. Journal of Wildlife Diseases. 1997; 33(1): 95-104.
Key words: pesticides, pollution.

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Paperna, I. Fine structure of Eimeria (s.l.)vanasi merogony stages in the intestinal mucosa of cichlid fishes. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms. 1991; 10: 195-201.
Key word: protozoa

Paperna, I.; Lainson, R. Alloglugea bufonis nov.gen., nov.sp. (Microsporea: Glugeidae) a microsporidian of Bufo marinus tadpoles and metamorphosing toads (Amphibia: Anura) from Amazonian Brazil. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms. 1995; 23: 7-16.
Key word: protozoa

Paperna, I.; Lainson, R. Schellackia ( Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) of the Brazilian Tree-frog, Phrynohyas venulosa (Amphibia: Anura) from Amazonian Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 1995; 90(5): 589-592.
key word: protozoa

Paperna, I.; Ogara, W.; Schein, M. Goussia hyperolisi n. sp.: a coccidian infection in reed frog Hyperolis viridiflavus tadpoles which expires towards metamorphosis. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms. 1997; 31: 79-88.
Key word: protozoa.

Paperna, I.; Vilenkin, M. Cryptosporidiosis in the gourami Trichogaster leeri; description of a new species and a proposal for a new genus, Piscicryptosporidium, for species infecting fish. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms. 1996; 27: 95-101.
Key word: protozoa.

Paperna, L.; Lainson, R. Life history and ultrastructure of Eimeria bufomarini n.sp. (Apicomplexa : Eimeriidae) of the Giant Toad, Bufo marinus (Amphibia : Anura) from Amazonian Brazil. Parasite. 1995; 2: 141-148.
Key word: protozoa

Paperna, I.; Ogara, W. Description and ultrastructure of Lankesterella species infecting frogs in Kenya. Parasite. 1996; 4: 341-349.
Key word: protozoa.

Parker JM, Mikaelian I, Hahn N, Diggs HE. Clinical diagnosis and treatment of epidermal chytridiomycosis in African clawed frogs (Xenopus tropicalis). Comparative Medicine 2002;52(3):265-268.

Pascolini R, Daszak P, Cunningham AA, Tei S, Vagnetti D, Bucci S, Fagotti A, Di Rosa I. Parasitism by Dermocystidium ranae in a population of Rana esculanta complex in Central Italy and description of Amphibiocystidium n. gen. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 2003;56:65-74.

Du Pasquier, L. Antibody diversity in lower vertebrates - why is it so restricted? Nature. 1982; 296: 311-113.
Key word: immunology.

Patt, D. I.; Patt, G. R. Comparative Vertebrate Histology. New York: Harper & Row; 1974.

Pearson, J. C. Observations on the morphology and life cycle of Neodiplostomum intermedium (Trematoda: Diplostomatidae). Parasitology. 1961; 51: 133-172.
Key words: Mixophyes fasciolatus, Hyla latopalmata, Hyla pearsoni, Hyla caerulea, trematode, metacercaria.

Pechmann, J. H. K.; Wilbur, H. M. Putting declining amphibian populations in perspective: natural fluctuations and human impacts. Herpetologica. 1994; 50(1): 65-84.

Peeling, R. W.; Brunham, R. C. Chlamydiae as pathogens: New species and new issues. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 1996; 2(4).
Key word: bacteria

Pessier, A.P., Nichols, D.K., Longcore, J.E., and Fuller, M.S. (1999). Cutaneous chytridiomycosis in poison dart frogs (Dendrobates spp.) and White's tree frogs (Litoria caerulea). Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 11: 194-199.

Pfenning, D.W.; Loeb, M.L.; Collins, J.P. Pathogens as a factor limiting the spread of cannibalism in tiger salamanders. Oecologia. 1991; 88:161-66.
Note: bacteria, mortality

Poinar, G. O.; Thomas, G. M. Infection of frog tadpoles (Amphibia) by insect parasitic nematodes. Experientia. 1988; 44(6): 528-530.

Pounds, A. J. The secret sahara. BBC Wildlife. 1991 Jun: 381.
Key words: El nino, Golden toads, Harlequin frogs, drought

Pounds JA. Climate and amphibian declines. Nature 2001;410(6829):639-640.

Pounds, J. A.; Crump, M. L. Amphibian declines and climate disturbance: The case of the Golden Toad and the Harlequin Frog. Conservation Biology. 1994; 8(1): 72-85.

Poynton, S. L.; Whitaker, B. R. Protozoa in poison dart frogs (Dendrobatidae): Clinical assessment and identification. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine. 1994; 25(1): 29-39.
Key words: Opalinas, ciliates, flagellate,

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Rafferty, K. A. The cultivation of inclusion-asociated viruses from Lucke tumor frogs. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1965; 126: 3-21.

Ramakrishnan L, Valdivia RH, McKerrow JH, Falkow S. Mycobacterium marinum causes both long term subclinical infection and acute disease in the leopard frog (Rana pipiens). Infection and Immunity 1997;65:767-773.
Key word: bacteria.

Ramos, B.; Urdaneta-Morales, S. Hematophagous insects as vectors for frog trypanosomes. Revista de Biologica Tropica. 1977; 25(2): 209-217.
Key word: protozoa

Raphael, B. L. Amphibians. Veterinary Clinics of North America; Small Animal Practice. 1993; 23: 1271-1286.
Key words: medicine, drugs, treatment.

Raverty S, Reynolds T. Cutaneous chytridiomycosis in dwarf aquatic frogs (Hymenochirus boettgeri) originating from southeast Asia and in a western toad (Bufo boreas) from northeastern British Columbia. Canadian Veterinary Journal 2001;42(5):385-386.

Rego AA, Schaffer GV. [Sparganosis in some Brazilian vertebrates. Difficulties in the identification of Luheella (Spirometra) species]. Memoirs Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 1992;87 Suppl 1:213-6. [Article in Portugese]

Reichenbach- Klinke, H.; Elkan, E. The principal diseases of lower vertebrates. New York: Academic Press; 1965.

Reilly, B. O.; Woo, P. T. K. The biology of Trypanosoma andersoni sp. and Trypanosoma grylli Nigrelli, 1944 (Kinetplastida) from Hyla versicolor LeConte, 1825 (Anura). Canadian Journal of Zoology. 1982; 60: 116-123.
Key word: protozoa 28.

Reilly, O.; Woo, P. T. K. The in vivo and in vitro development of Trypanosoma grylli Nigrelli, 1944 (Kinetoplastida). Canadian Journal of Zoology. 1982; 60: 124-133.
Key word: protozoa

Reilly, O. B.; Woo, P. T. K. The ultrastructure of an anuran trypanosome, Trypanosoma andersoni Reilly and Woo, 1982 (Kinetoplastida). Canadian Journal of Zoology. 1982; 60: 134-138.
Key word: protozoa

Relyea RA, Mills N. Predator-induced stress makes the pesticide carbaryl more deadly to gray treefrog tadpoles (Hyla versicolor). Proceedings of the National Academy of Scieinces U S A 2001;98(5):2491-2496.

Richards S. The mystery of the disappearing frogs. Geo Australia 1999; 21(4): 68-75.

Richards, S. J.; McDonald, K. R.; Alford, R. A. Declines in populations of Australia�s endemic tropical rainforest frogs. Pacific Conservation Biology. 1993; 1: 66-77.
Key words: Litoria nyakalensis, Taudactylus rheophilus, T. acutirostris, L. nannotis, L. rheocola, Nyctimystes dayi

Robert, J. 1993. Characterization of four independent spontaneous lymphoid tumors in Xenopus. In: Mechanisms of B cell Neoplasia, eds F. Melchers and M. Potter, Roche, Basel, Switzerland. Session IIIC, p. 409-414.

Robert, J and N. Cohen. 1998. Evolution of immune surveillance and tumor immunity: Studies in Xenopus. Immunological Reviews 166: 231-243.

Robert, J. and Du Pasquier L. 1996. Xenopus lymphoid tumor cell lines. In: Manual of Immunological Methods ed. I. Lefkovitz. Academic Press. pp. 2367-2377.

Robert, J., Guiet, C., Cohen, N., and L. Du Pasquier 1997. Effects of thymectomy and tolerance induction on tumor immunity in adult Xenopus laevis. International Journal of Cancer 70: 330-334.

Robert, J., Guiet, C. and Du Pasquier L. 1994. Lymphoid tumors of Xenopus laevis with different capacities for growth in larvae and adults. Developmental Immunology 3: 297-307.

Robert, J., Guiet, C. and Du Pasquier L. 1995. Ontogeny of the alloimmune response against transplanted tumor in Xenopus laevis. Differentiation 59: 135-144.

Roberts, R. J., Willoughby, L.G.; Chinabut, S. Mycotic aspects of epizootic ulcerative syndrome (EUS) of Asian fishes. Journal of Fish Diseases. 1993; 16: 169-183.
Key word: fungus

Rollins-Smith LA. Neuroendocrine-immune system interactions in amphibians: implications for understanding global amphibian declines. Immunological Research 2001;23(2-3):273-280.

Rollins-Smith, L. and N. Cohen. 1980. Effect of early thymectomy on development of renal tumors in Lucke tumor herpesvirus-infected leopard frogs. In: Aspects of Developmental and Comparative Immunology - I. (Ed. J.B. Solomon), Pergamon Press, Oxford, 505-507.

Rollins-Smith LA, Carey C, Conlon JM, Reinert LK, Doersam JK, Bergman T, Silberring J, Lankinen H, Wade D. Activities of temporin family peptides against the chytrid fungus (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis) associated with global amphibian declines. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 2003;47(3):1157-1160.

Rollins-Smith LA, Cohen N. Effect of thymectomy on development of Luck� renal adenocarcinomas in virus-infected leopard frog tadpoles. Journal of National Cancer Institute 1982;68:133-138.

Rollins-Smith LA, Doersam JK, Longcore JE, Taylor SK, Shamblin JC, Carey C, Zasloff MA. Antimicrobial peptide defenses against pathogens associated with global amphibian declines. Development and Comparative Immunology 2002;26(1):63-72.

Rollins-Smith LA, Reinert LK, Miera V, Conlon JM. Antimicrobial peptide defenses of the Tarahumara frog, Rana tarahumarae. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 2002;297(2):361-367.

Rose, F. L. Tumorous growths of the tiger salamander, Ambyostoma tigrinum, associated with treated sewerage effluent. Progress in Experimental Tumor Research. 1976; 20: 251-162.
Key word: neoplasm

Roubal, F. R. Histopathology of leech, Austrobdella bilobata Ingram, infestation on the yellowfin bream, Acanthopagrus australis (Gunther), in northern New South Wales. Journal of Fish Diseases. 1986; 9: 213-223.

Rovira, J.; Villaro, A. C.; Bodegas, M. E.; Valverde, E.; Sesma, P. Structural study of the frog Rana temporaria larval stomach. Tissue and Cell. 1993; 25(5): 695-707.

Ruble G, Berzins IK, Huso DL. Diagnostic exercise: anorexia, wasting, and death in South African clawed frogs. Laboratory Animal Science 1995;45:592-4.

Rush, H. G.; Anver, M. R.; Beneke, E. S. Systemic chromomycosis in Rana pipiens. Laboratory Animal Science. 1974; 24(4): 646-655.
Key word: fungus.

Russell, F. H. An epidemic, septicaemic disease among frogs due to the Bacillus hydrophilus fuscus. Chicago Pathological Society. 1898: 1442-1449.
Key word: bacteria.

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Sarkar, N. K. Myxosporidian Myxidium haldari sp.n. (Myxozoa: Myxidiidae from Indian Tree Frog Hyla arborea. Acta Protozoologica. 1982; 21(2): 197-199.

Sarvamangala Devi JN, Shivananda PG. Frogs as natural reservoirs of Salmonella. Indian Journal of Medical Research 1983;78:465-470.

Schipper M.A.A. On certain species of Mucor with a key to all accepted species. Studies in Mycology. 1978; 17: 1-71.
Key word: fungus.

Schlumberger, H. G.; Lucke, B. Tumors of fishes, amphibians and reptiles. Cancer Research. 1940: 657-753.

Schmidt, R. E. Amphibian Chromomycosis. School of Aerospace Medicine: 169-181.
Key words: Hormodendrum, Fonsecaea, Phialophora, fungus.

Schochet, S. S.; Lampert, P. W. Recent Results in Cancer Research, (Special supplement) Biology of Amphibian Tumours. Plasmacytoma in Rana pipiens. M. Mizell ed. Berlin: Springer Verlag; 1969: 205-214.
Key words: virus.

Schwab, G. E.; Reeves, P. R. Comparison of the bacteriocidal activity of different vertebrate serum. Journal of Bacteriology. 1966; 91(1): 106-112.

Scott, M. E. The impact of infection and disease on animal populations: Implications for conservation. Conservation Biology. 1988; 2: 40-56.

Scott, N. J. Postmetamorphic Death Syndrome. Froglog. 1993 Sep; 7.
Key words: Rana tarahumarae, Bufo canorus, R. mucosa, R. chiricahuensis, Bufo boreas, novel disease.

Sedar, A. W. (Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology). Fine structure of the stimulated oxyntic cell. Federation Proceedings. ; 1965 Sep; 24: 1360-1367.

Shaffer HB, Fellers GM, Magee A, Voss SR. The genetics of amphibian declines: population substructure and molecular differentiation in the yosemite toad, Bufo canorus (Anura, bufonidae) based on single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis (SSCP) and mitochondrial DNA sequence data. Molecular Ecology 2000;9(3):245-257.

Sharma, V. K.; Kaura, Y. K.; Singh, I. P. Frogs as carriers of Salmonella and Edwardsiella. Antonie von Leeuwenhoek. 1974; 40: 171-175.
Key word: bacteria

Sherman, C. K.; Morton M.L. Population Declines of Yosemite Toads in the Eastern Sierra Nevada of California. Journal of Herpetology. 1993; 27(2): 186-189.
Key words: Bufo canorus, drought, disease, avian predation, Aeromonas, redleg bacteria.

Shields, J. D. Pathology and mortality of the lung fluke Haematoloechus longiplexus (trematoda) in Rana catesbiana. Journal of Parasitology. 1987; 73(5): 1005-1013.

Shively, J. N.; Songer, J. G.; Prichal, S.; Keasey, M. S.; Thoen, C. O. Mycobacterium marinum infection in Bufonidae. Journal of Wildlife Diseases. 1981; 17(4): 489-493.
Key words: Bufo cognatous, B. woodhousei, bacteria

Skerratt, L. F. Strongyloides spearei n. sp.(Nematoda: Strongyloididae) from the common wombat Vombatus ursinus (Marsupialia: Vombatidae). Systematic Parasitology. 1995; 32: 81- 89.

Slocombe, R.; McCracken, H.; Booth, R.; Slocombe, J.; Birch, C. Infectious skin dseases of captive frogs. ASVP Proceedings. 1995 May; Melbourne: 14.
Key words: Aeromonas, Mucor, Aspergillus, fungus

Smith, A. W.; Anderson, M. P.; Skilling, D. E.; Barlough, J. E.; Ensley, P. K. First isolation of calicivirus from reptiles and amphibians. American Journal of Veterinary Research. 1986; 47(8): 1718-1721.
Key word: Ceratophrys orata

Smith, D. C. Factors controlling tadpole populations of the chorus frog Pseudacris triseriata on isle royale, Michigan. Ecology. 1983; 64: 501-510.

Somsiri, T.; Chinabut, S.; Soontornvit, S. Challenge of cultured frogs (Rana tigerina) with Aeromonas species. Diseases in Asian Aquaculture III. Fish Health Section. Flegel, T. W.; Macrae, I. H. (eds). Manila: Asian Fisheries Society; 1997.

Sparling DW, Fellers GM, McConnell LL. Pesticides and amphibian population declines in California, USA. Environ Toxicol Chem. 2001;20(7):1591-1595.

Sparrow, F.K. Chaper 2. Ecology of freshwater fungi. in: The fungi. New York: Academic Press; 1968; 3:41-91. (G.C.Ainsworth; A.S. Sussman).
Key word: chytrid

Speare, R. Anesthesia of anurans. American Association of Zoo Veterinarians. Workshop on the medicine an management of amphibians; 1989; Greensboro.

Speare, R. Clinical assessment and diagnosis of disease in anurans. American Association of Zoo Veterinarians. Workshop on the Medicine and Management of Amphibians; 1989; Greensboro.

Speare, R. A review of the diseases of the cane toad, Bufo marinus, with comments on biological control. Australian Wildlife Research. 1990; 17: 387-410.

Speare, R.; Berger, L.; O�Shea, P.; Ladds, P. W.; Thomas, A. D. The pathology of mucormycosis of free-ranging Cane toads (Bufo marinus) in Australia. Journal of Wildlife Diseases. 1996;33:105-113.
Key word: fungus.

Speare, R.; Freeland, W. J.; Bolton, S. J. A possible iridovirus in erythrocytes of Bufo marinus in Costa Rica. Journal of Wildlife Diseases. 1991; 27(3): 457-462.

Speare, R.; Smith, J. R. An iridovirus-like agent isolated from the ornate burrowing frog Limnodynastes ornatus in northern Australia. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms. 1992; 14: 51-57.

Speare, R.; Thomas, A. D.; O�Shea, P.; Shipton, W. A. Mucor amphibiorum in the toad, Bufo marinus in Australia. Journal of Wildlife Diseases. 1994; 30(3): 399-407.
Key word: fungus

Speare R and Steering Committee of Getting the Jump on Amphibian Disease. Developing management strategies to control amphibian diseases: Decreasing the risks due to communicable diseases. School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, James Cook University: Townsville. 2001.

Spieler, M.; Linsenmair, K. E. The larval mite Endotrombicula pillersi (Acarina: Trombiculidae) as a species-specific parasite of a west African Savannah frog (Phrynobatrachus francisci) . American Midland Naturalist. 1999; 142: 152-161.
Key words: necrosis, rectal prolapse.

Stallard RF. Possible environmental factors underlying amphibian decline in eastern Puerto Rico: Analysis of U.S. Government data archives. Conservation Biology 2001;15(4):930-942.

Starnes SM, Kennedy CA, Petranka JW. Sensitivity of embryos of southern Appalachian amphibians to ambient solar UV-B radiation. Conservation Biology 2000; 14: 277-282.

Stephens LC, Cromeens DM, Robbins VW, Stromberg PC Jardine JH. Epidermal capillariasis in South African clawed frogs (Xenopus laevis). Laboratory Animal Science 1987;37:341-344.

Stewart, M. M. Climate driven population fluctuations in rain forest frogs. Journal of Herpetology. 1995; 29(3): 437-446.
Key words: Eleutherodactylus coqui, low rainfall.

Stewart, N. J., Munday, B. J. and Hawkesford, T. Isolation of Mucor circinelloides from a case of ulcerative mycosis of platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus), and a comparison of the response of Mucor circinelloides and Mucor amphibiorum to different culture temperatures. Medical Mycology 1999; 37: 201-206.
Key words: amphibian, mucormycosis.

Stolk, A. Tumours in amphibians. IIB Adenoma

Stolk, A. Tumours in amphibians. IIB Adenoma of the paratoid gland in Bufo marinus. Proceedings of the Koninkliijke Nederlandse Akademie von Wetenschappen?. 1957; 60: 548-556.
Key word: virus, neoplasm

Storfer, A. Population biology and herpetological conservation: A cautionary note. Amphibian and Reptile Conservation. 1996; 1(1): 20-23.
Key words: translocations, captive breeding, release.

Swanepoel R, Leman PA, Burt FJ, Zachariades NA, Braack LE, Ksiazek TG, Rollin PE, Zaki SR, Peters CJ. Experimental inoculation of plants and animals with Ebola virus. Emerging Infectious Diseases 1996;2(4):321-325.
Bufo regularis, Chiromantis xerampelina, Hyperolius viridiflavus.

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Tanaka, Y.; Noda, K.; Nomaguchi, T.; Yamagishi, H. Hepatic melanosis and ageing in amphibia. A preliminary observation in two species of anura Xenopus laevis and Rana nigromaculata. Exp. Geront.. 1974; 9: 263-268.

Taylor, F. R.; Simmonds, R. C.; Loeffler, D. G. Isolation of Flavobacterium meningosepticum in a colony of leopard frogs (Rana pipiens). Laboratory Animal Science 1993; 43: 105.
Note: neurological signs, meningitis, opthalmitis.
Key word: bacteria.

Taylor R, Sloan D, Cooper T, Morton B, Hunter I. A waterborne outbreak of Salmonella Saintpaul. Communicable Diseases Intelligence 2000;24(11):336-340.

Taylor, S. K.; Williams, E. S.; Mills, K. W. Effects of malathion on disease susceptibility in Woodhouse's toads. Journal of Wildlife Diseases. 1999; 35: 536-541.
Key words: bacteria, pollution, Aeromonas hydrophila.

Taylor, S. K., Williams, E. S. and Mills, K. W. Experimental exposure of Canadian toads to Basidiobolus ranarum. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 1999; 35: 58-63.

Taylor, S. K., Williams, E. S. and Mills, K. W. Mortality of captive Canadian toads from Basidiobolus ranarum mycotic dermatitis. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 1999; 35: 64-69.

Taylor, S. K., Williams, E. S., Pier, A. C., Mills, K. W. and Bock, M. D. Mucormycotic dermatitis in captive adult Wyoming toads. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 1999; 35: 70-74.

Taylor, S. K.; Williams, E. S.; Thorne, E. T.; Mills, K. W.; Withers, D. I.; Pier, A. C. Causes of mortality of the Wyoming toad. Journal of Wildlife Diseases. 1999; 35: 49-58.

Thomas AD, Forbes-Faulkner JC, Speare R, Murray C. Salmonelliasis in wildlife from Queensland. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 2001;37(2):229-238.

Timmons, E. H.; Olmsted, G. M.; Kaplan, H. M. The germ free leopard frog (Rana pipiens): Preliminary report. Laboratory Animal Science. 1977; 27(4): 518-521.
Key word: bacteria

Tinsley RC. Parasitic disease in amphibians: control by the regulation of worm burdens. Parasitology 1995;111 Suppl:S153-78.
Bufo bufo, Scaphiopus couchii, Xenopus laevis, Pseudodiplorchis americanus, Rhabdias bufonis.

Tocque, K. The relationship between parasite burden and host resources in the desert toad (Scaphiopus couchii), under natural environmental conditions. Journal of Animal Ecology. 1993; 62: 683-693.
Key words: Pseudodiplorchis americanus, trematode.

Tome, M. A.; Pough, F. H. Responses of amphibians to acid precipitation. ?Acid rain/Fisheries: 245-254.
Key word: pollution

Trenerry, M. P.; Laurance, W. F.; McDonald, K. R. Further evidence for the precipitous decline of endemic rainforest frogs in tropical Australia. Pacific Conservation Biology. 1994; 1: 150-153.
Key words: Mixophyes schevilli, Litoria genimaculata, L. nannotis, Nyctimystes dayi

Tristem, M.; Herniou, E.; Summers, K.; Cook, J. Three retroviral sequences in amphibians are distinct from those in mammals and birds. Journal of Virology. 1996; 70(7): 4864-4870.
Key words: Dendrobates ventrimaculatus, virus

Tse, B.; Barta, J. R.; Desser, S. S. Comparative ultrastructural features of the sporozoite of Lankesterella minima (Apicomplexa) in its anuran host and leech vector. Canadian Journal of Zoology. 1986; 64: 2344-2345.
Key word: protozoa

Tyler, M. J. (Wildlife Australia). The Action Plan for Australian Frogs. Canberra: Goanna Print; 1997.

Tyler, M. J. Declining amphibian populations- a global phenomenon? An Australian perspective. Alytes. 1991; 9(2): 43-50.

Tyler, M. J.; Leong, A. S. -Y.; Godthelp, H. Tumors of the ilia of modern and Tertiary Australian frogs. Journal of Herpetology. 1994; 28(4): 528-529.

Tyler, M. J.; Williams, C. R. Mass frog mortality at two locations in South Australia. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia. 1996; 120(4): 179.
Key words: Neobatrachus pictus, Limnodynastes tasmaniensis, Litoria rubella, Crinia riparia.

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Upton, S. J.; McAllister, C. T. The coccidia (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) of Anura, with descriptions of four new species. Canadian Journal of Zoology. 1988; 66: 1822-1830.
Key words: Eimeria flexuosa, E. streckeri, Pseudacris streckeri streckeri, Isospora delicatus, P. s. illinoensis, I. fragosum, Gastrophryne olivacea, protozoa.

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Valentine, B. A.; Stoskopf, M. K. Amebiasis in a neotropical toad. JAVMA. 1984; 185(11): 1418-1419.
Key word: protozoa

Velaquez V, L. F.; Restrepo M, A. Chromomycosis in the toad (Bufo marinus) and a comparison of the etiologic agent with fungus causing human chromomycosis. Sabouradia. 1975; 13: 1-9.

Viggers, K. L.; Lindenmayer, D. B.; Spratt, D. M. The importance of disease in reintroduction programmes. Wildlife Research. 1993; 20: 687-98.

Villa, J. Two fungi lethal to frog eggs in Central America. Copeia. 1979; 4: 650-655.
Key words: Centrolenella prosoblepon, Agalychnis callidryas, A. annae, Mycelia Sterilia.

Vogiatzis AK, Loumbourdis NS. Exposure of Rana ridibunda to lead. II. Impact of lead on various parameters of liver metabolism of the frog Rana ridibunda. Journal of Applied Toxicology 2001;21(4):269-274.

Vredenburg VT, Summers AP. Field identification of chytridiomycosis in Rana muscosa (Camp 1915). Herpetological Review 2001;32:151-152.

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Wade SE. Capillaria xenopodis sp. n. (Nematoda: Trichuroidea) from the epidermis of the South African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis Daudin). Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington 1982;49:86-92.

Waldman B, van de Wolfshaar KE, Klena JD, Andjic V, Bishop P, Norman RJ de B. Chytridiomycosis in New Zealand frogs. Surveillance 2001;28(3):9-11.

Wardell-Johnson, G.; Roberts, J. D. Nature Conservation 2: The role of corridors. Chapter 16 The survival status of the Geocrinia rosea (Anura: Myobatrachidae) complex in riparian corridors: Biogeographical implications; 1991.
Key words: G. vitellina, G. alba

Webb, C.; Joss, J. Does predation by the fish Cambusia holbrooki (Atheriniformes: Poeciliidae) contribute to declining frog populations? Australian Zoologist. 1997; 30:316-324.

Weldon C. Chytridiomycosis survey in South Africa. Froglog 2002;51:1-2.

Weldon C, du Preez LH, Hyatt AD, Muller R, Speare R. Origin of the amphibian chytrid fungus. Emerging Infectious Diseases 2004;10(12):2100-2105.

Werner, J. K.; Davis, J. S.; Slaght, K. S. Trypanosomes of Bufo americanus from northern Michigan. Journal of Wildlife Diseases. 1988; 24(4): 647-649.
Key word: protozoa

Werren, G. L. Conservation strategies for rare and threatened vertebrates of Australia�s wet tropics region. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum. 1993; 34(1): 229-241.
Key words: Taudactylus acutirostris, T. rheophilus, Litoria nannotis, L. nyakalensis, L. rheocola, Nyctimystes dayi

Weygoldt, P. Changes in the composition of mountain stream frog communities in the Atlantic mountains of Brazil: Frogs as indicators of environmental deteriorations? Studies in Neotropical Fauna and Environment. 1989; 243(4): 249-255.
Key words: Hylodinae, Cycloramphus fuliginosis, 1981, epidemic disease, bacteria.

Whittington, R. J.; Kerns, C.; Speare, R. Sensitive detection of serum antibodies in the cane toad Bufo marinus. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms. 1996; 26: 59-65.
Key words: ranavirus.

Wilcke BW, Newcomer CE, Anver MR, Simmons JL, Nace GW. Isolation of Chlamydia psittaci from naturally infected African clawed toads (Xenopus laevis). Infection and Immunity. 1983; 41(2): 789-794.
Key word: bacteria

Williams, S. E.; Hero, J. M. Rainforest frogs of the Australian Wet Tropics: guild classification and the ecological similarity of declining species. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B. 1997; 265: 597-602.
Key words: low fecundity, habitat specialization, fast flowing streams.

Williams, C. F.; Wallman, J. F.; Tyler, M. J. Toxicity of green tree frog (Litoria caerulea) skin secretion to the blowflies Calliphora stygia (Fabricius) and Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Calliphoridae). Australian Journal of Entomology 1998;37:85-89.

Williams ES, Yuill T, Artois M, Fischer J, Haigh SA. Emerging infectious diseases in wildlife. Revue Scientifique et Technique 2002;21(1):139-157.

Williams, J. W.; Tweedell, K. S.; Sterling, D.; Marshall, N.; Christ, C. G.; Carlson, D. L.; McKinnell, R. G. Oncogenic herpesvirus DNA absence in kidney cell lines established from the northern leopard frog Rana pipiens. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms. 1996; 27: 1-4.

Williams, R. W. Observations on the life history of Rhabdias sphaerocephala Goodey, 1924 from Bufo marinus L., in the Bermuda Islands. Journal of Helminthology. 1960; 34(1/2): 93-98.

Willoughby, L. G. Fungi and Fish Diseases. Stirling: Pisces Press; 1994.
Note: Saprolegnia, Achlya, Aphanomyces.

Wolf, K.; Bullock, G. L.; Dunbar, C. E.; Quimby, M. C.. Recent Results in Cancer Research (special supplement) Biology of Amphibian Tumors. Tadpole edema virus: Pathogenesis and growth studies and additional sites of virus infected bullfrog tadpoles. Mizell, M. ed. ; 1969: 327-336.
Key word: iridovirus

Wolf, K.; Bullock, G. L.; Dunbar, C. E.; Quimby, M. C. Tadpole edema virus: a viscerotropic pathogen for anuran amphibians. Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1968; 118: 253-262
Key word: iridovirus.

Wong, A.; Beebee, T. Identification of a unicellular, non-pigmented alga that mediates growth inhibition in anuran tadpoles: a new species of the genus Prototheca (Chlorophyceae: Chlorococcales). Hydrobiologica. 1994; 277: 85-96.

Woo, P. T. The haematocrit centrifuge for the detection of trypanosomes in blood. Canadian Journal of Zoology. 1969; 47: 921-923.
Key word: protozoa

Woo, P. The life cycle of Trypanosoma chrysemydis. Canadian Journal of Zoology. 1969; 47: 1139-1151.
Note: leeches, turtles, protozoa.

Woo, P. T. K. Sensitivity of diagnostic techniques in determining the prevalence of anuran trypanosomes. Journal of Wildlife Diseases. 1983; 19(1): 24-26.
Key word: protozoa

Woo, P. Trypanosomes in amphibians and reptiles in southern Ontario. Canadian Journal of Zoology. 1969; 47: 981-988.
Key word: protozoa

Woodams DC, Alford RA, Marantelli G. Emerging disease of amphibians cured by elevated body temperature. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 2003;55:65-67.

Workshop findings. Declining amphibian populations- a global phenomenon? Findings and recommendations. ALYTES International Journal of Batrachology. 1991; 9(2): 33-42.

Worthylake, K. M.; Hovingh, P. Mass mortality of salamanders (Ambyostoma tigrinum) by bacteria (Acinetobacter) in an oligotrophic seepage mountain lake. Great Basin Naturalist. 1989; 49(3): 364-372.

Wright K, Berger L, Nichols DK, Speare R, Sredl MJ, Pessier A, Johnson B. Roundtable: amphibian population decline. Journal of Herpetological Medicine and Surgery 2001;11(2):14-27.

Wyman, R. L. Soil acidity and moisture and the distribution of amphibians in five forests of Southcentral New York. Copeia. 1988; 2: 394-399.
Key words: Bufo americanus, Plethodon cinereus, Eurycea bislineata, Desmognathus fuscus, Ambyostoma maculatum, pollution

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Young BE, Lips KR, Reaser JK, Ibanez R, Salas AW, Cedeno JR, Coloma LA, Ron SR, Marca EL, Meyer JA, Munoz A, Bolanos F, Chaves G, Romo D. Population declines and priorities for amphibian conservation in Latin America. Conservation Biology 2001;15:1213-1223.

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Zavanella T. Environmental temperature and metastatic spread of melanoma in the crested newt. Cancer Letters 1985;27(2):171-179.

Zhang, Qi Ya; Li, Z. Q.; Gui, J. F. Studies on the morphogenesis and cellular interactions of Rana grylio virus in an infected fish cell line. Aquaculture. 1999; 175: 185-197.
Key words: iridovirus, China, pig frog.

Zelmer, D. A.; Esch, G. W. Bridging the gap: The odonate naiad as a paratenic host for Halipegus occidualis (Trematoda: Hemiuridae). Journal of Parasitology. 1998; 84: 94-96.

Zhao M. [The serogroup and serotype distribution of Leptospira in Sichuan Province from 1958-1987]. Chung Hua Liu Hsing Ping Hsueh Tsa Chih 1991;12(4):226-230. [Article in Chinese]

Zupanovic Z, Lopez G, Hyatt AD, Green B, Bartran G, Parkes H, Whittington RJ, Speare R. Giant toads Bufo marinus in Australia and Venezuela have antibodies against "ranaviruses". Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 1998;32:1-8.

Zupanovic Z, Musso C, Lopez G, Louriero CL, Hyatt AD, Hengstberger S, Robinson AJ. Isolation and characterisation of iridoviruses from the giant toad Bufo marinus in Venezuela. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 1998;32:1-8.

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Updated 31 January 2005
Rick Speare