Refereed articles
Alford RA, Bradfield KS, Richards SJ. Global warming and amphibian losses. Nature 2007;447:E3-E4.
Alford RA, Richards SJ. Lack of evidence for epidemic disease as an agent in the catastrophic decline of Australian rain forest frogs. Conservation Biology 1997;11:1026-1029.
Altig R. Comments on the descriptions and evaluations of tadpole mouthpart anomalies. Herpetological Conservation and Biology 2007;2(1):1-4.
Annis SL, Dastoor FP, Ziel H, Daszak P, Longcore JE. A DNA-based assay identifies Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in amphibians. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 2004;40(3):420-428.
Apponyi MA, Pukala TL, Brinkworth CS, Maselli VM, Bowie JH, Tyler MJ, Booker GW, Wallace JC, Carver JA, Separovic F, Doyle J, Llewellyn LE. Host-defence peptides of Australian anurans: structure, mechanisms of action and evolutionary significance. Peptides 2004;25:1035-1054.
Banks C, McCracken H. Captive management and pathology of sharp snouted dayfrogs, Taudactylus acutirostris, at Melbourne and Taronga zoos. In: Natrass AEO, editor. Frogs in the Community. Proceedings of the Brisbane Symposium. Queensland Frog Society, East Brisbane. 2002:94-102.
Barrionuevo S, Mangione S. Chytridiomycosis in two species of Telmatobius (Anura : Leptodactylidae) from Argentina. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 2006;73:171-174.
Beard KH, O'Neill EM. Infection of an invasive frog Eleutherodactylus cocqui by the chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in Hawaii. Biological Conservation 2005;126:591-595.
Belden LK, Harris RN. Infectious diseases in wildlife: the community ecology context. Frontiers in Ecology and Environment 2007;5(10):533-539.
Bell BD, Carver S, Mitchell NJ, Pledger S. The recent decline of a New Zealand endemic: how and why did populations of Archey's frog Leiopelma archeyi crash over 1996-2001? Biological Conservation 2004;120:189-199.
Berger L, Hyatt AD, Olsen V, Hengstberger SG, Boyle D, Marantelli G, Humphreys K, Longcore JE. Production of polyclonal antibodies to Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and their use in an immunoperoxidase test for chytridiomycosis in amphibians. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 2002;48(3):213-220.
Berger L, Hyatt AD, Speare R, Longcore JE. Life cycle stages of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis Longcore et al. 1999, the amphibian chytrid. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 2005;68:51-63.
Berger L, Marantelli G, Skerratt LF, Speare R. Virulence of the amphibian chytrid fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, varies with the strain. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 2005;68:47-50.
Berger L, Speare R. Chytridiomycosis: a new disease of wild and captive amphibians. ANZCCART Newsletter 1998;11(4):1-3.
Berger L, Speare R, Daszak P, Green DE, Cunningham AA, Goggin CL, Slocombe R, Ragan MA, Hyatt AD, McDonald KR, Hines HB, Lips KR, Marantelli G, Parkes H. Chytridiomycosis causes amphibian mortality associated with population declines in the rain forests of Australia and Central America. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, USA 1998;95: 9031-9036.
Berger L, Speare R, Hines H, Marantelli G, Hyatt AD, McDonald KR, Skerratt LF, Olsen V, Clarke JM, Gillespie G, Mahony M, Sheppard N, Williams C, Tyler M. Effect of season and temperature on mortality in amphibians due to chytridiomycosis. Australian Veterinary Journal 2004;82:31-36.
Berger L, Speare R, Hyatt A. Chytrid fungi and amphibian declines: Overview, implications and future directions. Declines and Disappearances of Australian Frogs. Ed. A. Campbell. Environment Australia: Canberra. 1999:23-33.
Berger L, Speare R, Kent A. Diagnosis of chytridiomycosis of amphibians by histological examination. Zoos Print Journal 1999;15:184-190.
Berger L, Speare R, Skerratt L. Distribution of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and pathology in the skin of green tree frogs (Litoria caerulea) with severe chytridiomycosis. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 2005;68:65-70.
Blaustein AR, Dobson A. A message from the frogs. Nature 2006;439:143-144.
Blaustein AR, Kiesecker JM. Complexity in conservation: lessons from the global decline of amphibian populations. Ecology Letters 2002;5(4):597-608.
Blaustein AR, Romansic JM, Kiesecker JM, Hatch AC. Ultraviolet radiation, toxic chemicals and amphibian population declines. Diversity and Distributions 2003;9(2):123-140.
Blaustein AR, Romansic JM, Scheessele EA, Han BA, Pessier AP, Longcore JE. Interspecific variation in susceptibility of frog tadpoles to the pathogenic fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis. Conservation Biology 2005;19(5):1460-1468.
Bonaccorso E, Guayasamin JM, Mendez D, Speare R. Chytridiomycosis as a possible cause of population declines in Atelopus cruciger (Anura: Bufonidae). Herpetological Review 2003;34(4):331-334.
Bosch J, Martinez-Solano I, Garcia-París M. Evidence of a chytrid fungus infection involved in the decline of the common midwife toad (Alytes obstetricans) in protected areas of central Spain. Biological Conservation 2001;97:331-337.
Bosch J, Carrascal LM, Duran L, Walker S, FIsher MC. Climate change and outbreaks of amphibian chytridiomycosis in a montane area of Central Spain; is there a link? Proceedings of the Royal Society 2007;274:253-260.
Boyle DG, Boyle DB, Olsen V, Morgan JAT, Hyatt AD. Rapid quantitative detection of chytridiomycosis (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis) in amphibian samples using real-time Taqman PCR assay. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 2004;60:133-139.
Boyle DG, Hyatt AD, Daszak P, Berger L, Longcore JE, Porter D, Hengstberger SG, Olsen V. Cryo-archiving of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and other chytridiomycetes. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 2003;56:59-64.
Bradley GA, Rosen PC, Sredl MJ, Jones TR, Longcore JE. Chytridiomycosis in native Arizona frogs. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 2002;38(1):206-212.
Briggs C, Burgin S. A rapid techniuqe to detect chytrid infection in adult frogs. Herpetological Review 2003;34(2):124-126.
Briggs CJ, Vredenburg VT, Knapp RA, Rachowicz LJ. Investigating the population-level effects of chytridiomycosis: An emerging infectious disease of amphibians. Ecology 2005;86(12):3149-3159.
Browne RK, Odum RA, Herman T, Zippel K. Facility design and associated services for the study of amphibians. Institute for Laboratory Animal Research Journal 2007;48(3):188-202.
Burrowes PA, Joglar RL, Green DE. Potential causes for amphibian declines in Puerto Rico. Herpetologica 2004;60:141-154.
Carey C. Infectious disease and worldwide declines of amphibian populations, with comments on emerging diseases in coral reef organisms and in humans. Environmental Health Perspectives 2000;10B(Supplement 1):143-150.
Carey C, Bradford DF, Brunner JL, Colins JP, Davidson EW, Longcore JE, Ouellet M, Pessier AP, Schrock DM. Biotic factors in amphibian population declines. In: Amphibian decline: an integrated analysis of multiple stressor events. Eds: Linder G, Krest SK, Sparling DW. Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 2003:153-208.
Carey C, Bruzgul JE, Livo LJ, Walling ML, Kuehl KA, Dixon BF, Pessier AP, Alford RA, Rodgers KB. Experimental exposures of boreal toads (Bufo boreas) to a pathogenic chytrid fungus (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis). EcoHealth 2006:3:5-21. DOI: 10.1007/s10393-005-0006-4.
Carnaval ACOdeQ, Puschendorf R, Peixoto OL, Verdade VK, Rodrigues MT.
Amphibian chytrid fungus broadly distributed in the Brazilian Atlantic rain forest.
EcoHealth 2006;3:41-48. DOI: 10.1007/s10393-005-0008-2.
Cleaveland S, Hess GR, Dobson AP, Laurenson MK, McCallum HI, Roberst MG,
Woodroffe R.
The role of pathogens in biological conservation.
In: (Eds) Hudson PJ, Rizzoli A, Grenfell BT, Heesterbeek H, Dobson AP.
Chapter 8. The Ecology of Wildlife Diseases. Oxford University Press: Oxford.
2002;139-150.
Cohen MM Jr. Frog decline, frog malformations, and a
comparison of frog and human health.
American Journal of Medical Genetics 2001;104(2):101-109.
Collins JP, Storfer A.
Global amphibian declines: sorting the hypotheses.
Diversity and Distributions 2003;9:89-98.
Conlon JM, Woodhams DC, Raza H, Coquet L, Leprince J, Jouenne T, Vaudry H, Rollins-Smith LA.
Peptides with differential cytolytic activity
from skin secretions of the lemur leaf frog Hylomantis lemur (Hylidae: Phyllomedusinae).
Toxicon 2007; doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2007.04.017.
Cooper JE. Diagnostic pathology of selected diseases in wildlife.
Revue Scientifique et Technique de l'Office International des Epizooties 2002;21(1):77-89.
Cummer MR, Green DE, O'Neill EM.
Aquatic chytrid pathogen detected in terrestrial plethodontid salamander.
Herpetological Review 2005;36(3):248-249.
Cunningham AA, Garner TWJ, Aguilar-Sanchez V, Banks B, Foster J, Sainsbury AW, Perkins M,
Walker SF, Hyatt AD, Fisher MC. Emergence of amphibian chytridiomycosis in
Britain. Veterinary Record 2005;157(13):386-387.
Cunningham AA, Daszak P, Rodriguez JP.
Pathogen polution: defining a parasitological threat to biodiversity conservation.
Journal of Parasitology 2003;89(Suppl):S78-S83.
Daszak P, Berger L, Cunningham AA,
Hyatt AD, Green DE, Speare R. Emerging
infectious diseases and amphibian population
declines. Emerging Infectious Diseases 1999;5:735-748.
Daszak P, Cunningham AA.
Extinction by infection.
Trends in Ecology and Evolution 1999;14(7):279.
Daszak P, Cunningham AA.
Anthropogenic change, biodiversity loss, and a new agenda for emerging diseases.
Journal of Parasitology 2003;89(Suppl):S37-S41.
Daszak P, Cunningham AA, Hyatt AD.
Emerging Infectious Diseases of Wildlife -
Threats to biodiversity and human health. Science 2000;287: 443-449.
Daszak P, Cunningham AA, Hyatt AD.
Infectious disease and amphibian population declines.
Diversity and Distributions 2003;9:141-150.
Daszak P, Scott DE, Kilpatrick AM, Faggioni C, Gibbons JW, Porter D. Amphibian population declines at savannah river site are linked to climate,
not chytridiomycosis. Ecology 2005;86(12):3232-3237.
Daszak P, Strieby A, Cunningham AA, Longcore JE, Brown CC, Porter D. Experimental evidence that the bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) is a potential
carrier of chytridiomycosis, an emerging fungal disease of amphibians.
Herpetological Journal 2004;14(4):201-207.
Daszak P, Tabor GM, Kilpatrick AM, Epstein J, Plowright R.
Conservation medicine and a new
agenda for emerging diseases.
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2004;1026:1-11.
Davidson C, Benard MF, Shaffer HB, Parker JM, O'Leary C, Conlon JM, Rollins-Smith LA.
Effects of chytrid and carbaryl exposure on survival, growth and skin peptide defenses in foothill yellow-legged frogs.
Environmental Science and Technology 2007;41:1771-1776.
Davidson EW, Parris M, Collins JP, Longcore JE, Pessier AP, Brunner J.
Pathogenicity and transmission of chytridiomycosis in tiger salamanders
(Ambylostoma tigrinum).
Copeia 2003(3):601-607.
Densmore CL, Green DE. Diseases of amphibians. Institute for Laboratory Animal Research Journal 2007;48(3):235-254.
Diaz L, Cadiz A, Chong A, Silva A.
First report of chytridiomycosis in a dying toad
(Anura: Bufonidae) from Cuba: A new conservation challenge for the island.
EcoHealth 2007; DOI:10.1007/s10393-007-0094-4.
Drake DL, Altig R, Grace JB, Walls SC.
Occurrence of oral deformities in larval anurans.
Copeia 2007;2:449-458.
Drew A, Allen EJ, Allen LJ.
Analysis of climatic and geographic factors affecting the presence of chytridiomycosis
in Australia. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 2006;68(3):245-250.
Emmert KE, Allen LJS.
Population persistence and extinction in a discrete-time, stage-structures epidemic model.
Journal of Difference Equations and Applications 2004;10(13-15):1177-1199.
Eterovick PC, Carnaval ACO deQ, Borges-Nojosa DM, Silvano DL, Segalla MV, Sazima I.
Amphibian Declines in Brazil:
An Overview. Biotropica 2005;37(2):166-179. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7429.2005.00024.x
Fagotti A, Pascolini R.
The proximate cause of frog declines?
Nature 2007;447:E4-E5.
Felger J, Enssle J, Mendez D, Speare R.
Chytridiomycosis in El Salvador.
Salmandra 2007;43(2):122-127.
Fellers GM, Bradford DF, Pratt D, Wood LL.
Demise of repatriated populations of mountain yellow-legged frogs (Rana muscosa)
in the Sierra Nevada of California. Herpetological Conservation
and Biology 2007;2(1):5-21.
Fellers GM, Green DE, Longcore JE.
Oral chytridiomycosis in the mountain yellow-legged frog (Rana muscosa).
Copeia 2001;(4):945-953.
Fisher MC.
Potential interactions between amphibian immunity, infectious disease and climate
change. Animal Conservation 2007;10:420-421.
Fisher MC, Garner TWJ.
The relationship between the emergence of
Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, the international trade in amphibians and introduced amphibian species.
Fungal Biology Reviews 2007;21:2-9.
Garcia G, Cunningham AA, Horton DL, Garner TWJ, Hyatt A, Hengstberger S, Lopez J, Ogrodowczyk A, Fenton C, Fa JE.
Mountain chickens Leptodactylus fallax and sympatric amphibians appear to be disease free on Montserrat.
Oryx 2007;41(3):398-401.
Garcia TS, Romansic JM, Blaustein AR. Survival of three
species of anuran metamorphs exposed to UV-B radiation and the pathogenic fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis.
Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 2006;72:163-169.
Garner TWJ.
Experimental evidence of innate immunity: a matter of design, convenience or constraints?
Animal Conservation 2007;10:418-419.
Garner TWJ, Perkins MW, Govindarajulu P, Seglie D, Walker S, Cunningham AA, Fisher MC.
The emerging pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis globally infects
introduced populations of the North American bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana.
Biology Letters 2006: doi:10.1098/rsbl.2006.0494.
Garner TWJ, Walker S, Bosch J, Hyatt AD, Cunningham AA, Fisher MC.
Chytrid fungus in Europe.
Emerging Infectious Diseases 2005;11(10):1639-1641.
Gleason FH, Mozley-Standridge SE, Porter D, Boyle DG, Hyatt AD.
Preservation of Chytridiomycota in culture collections.
Mycology Research 2007;111:129-136.
Goldberg TL, Readel AM, Lee MH. Chytrid fungus in frogs from an equatorial African
montane forest in western Uganda. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 2007;43(3):521-524.
Gower DJ, Wilkinson M.
Conservation biology of caecilian amphibians.
Conservation Biology 2005;19(1):45-55.
Green DE, Converse KA, Schrader AK.
Epizootiology of sixty-four
amphibian morbidity and mortality events in the USA, 1996-2001.
Annals of the New York Academy of Science 2002;969:323-339.
Green DE, Muths E. Health evaluation of amphibians in and near Rocky Mountain National Park
(Colorado, USA). Alytes (Paris) 2005;22;109-129.
Green DE, Sherman CK.
Diagnostic histological findings in
Yosemite Toads (Bufo canorus) from a die-off in the 1970s.
Journal of Herpetology 2001;35:92-103.
Groff JM, Mughannam A, McDowell TS, Wong A, Dykstra MJ, Frye FL, Hedrick RP.
An epizootic of cutaneous
zygomycosis in cultured dwarf African clawed frogs (Hymenochirus curtipes)
due to Basidiobolus ranarum. Journal of Medical and Veterinary
Mycology 1991;29(4):215-223.
Hadfield CA, Whitaker BR.
Amphibian emergency medicine and care.
Seminars in Avian and Exotic Pet Medicine 2005;14(2):79-89.
Hanselmann R, Rodriguez A, Lampo M, Fajardo-Ramos L, Aguirre AA, Kilpatrick AM, Rodriguez JP, Daszak P.
Presence of an emerging pathogen of amphibians in introduced bullfrogs Rana catesbiana in Venezuela. Biological Conservation
2004;120:115-119.
Harris RN, James TY, Lauer A, Simon MA, Patel A.
Amphibian pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
is inhibited by the cutaneous bacteria of amphibian species.
EcoHealth 2006;3:53-56. DOI: 10.1007/s10393-005-0009-1.
Hero JM, Gillespie GR. Epidemic disease and
amphibian declines in Australia. Conservation Biology 1997;11:1023-1025
Hero JM, Morrison C.
Frog declines in Australia: Global implications.
Herpetological Journal 2004;14(4):175-186.
Herrera RA, Steciow MM, Natale GS.
Chytrid fungus parasitizing the
wild amphibian Leptodactylus ocellatus (Anura: Leptodactylidae) in Argentina.
Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 2005;64(3):247-252.
Hopkins S, Channing A.
Chytrid fungus in Northern and Western Cape frog
populations, South Africa. Herpetological Review 2003;34:334-336.
Hyatt AD, Boyle DG, Olsen V, Boyle DB, Berger L, Obendorf D, Dalton A, Kriger K, Hero M,
Hines H, Phillott R, Campbell R, Marantelli G, Gleason F, Colling A.
Diagnostic assays and sampling protocols
for the detection of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms
2007;73:175-192.
James TY, Kauff F, Schoch CL and 67 other authors.
Reconstructing the early evolution
of Fungi using a six-gene phylogeny. Nature 2006;443:doi:10.10.1038/nature05110.
James TY, Porter D, Leander CA, Vilgalys R, Longcore JE.
Molecular phylogenetics of the
Chytridiomycota supports the utility of ultrastructural data in chytrid systematics.
Canadian Journal of Botany 2000;78(3):336-350.
Johnson M, Berger L, Phillips L, Speare R.
In vitro evaluation of chemical
disinfectants and physical techniques against the
amphibian chytrid, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis. Diseases of Aquatic
Organisms 2003;57:255-260.
Johnson M, Speare R.
Survival of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in water:
quarantine and control implications. Emerging Infectious Diseases
2003;9(8):922-925.
Johnson M, Speare R.
Possible modes of dissemination of the amphibian chytrid Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in
the environment. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 2005;65:181-186.
Johnson PTJ. Amphibian diversity: Decimation by disease.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA 2006;103(9):3011-3012.
Knapp RA, Boiano DM, Vredenburg VT.
Removal of nonnative fish results in population expansion of a declining amphibian (mountain yellow-legged frog,
Rana muscosa).
Biological Conservation 2007;135(1):11-20.
Kirshtein JD, Anderson CW, Wood JS, Longcore JE, Voytek MA.
Quantitative PCR detection of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis DNA from sediments and water.
Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 2007;77:11-15.
Knapp RA, Morgan JAT. Tadpole mouthpart
depigmentation as an accurate indicator of chytridiomycosis,
an emerging disease of amphibians. Copeia 2006;(2):188-197.
Kriger KM, Ashton KJ, Hines HB, Hero JM.
On the biological relevance of a single Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis zoospore:
a reply to Smith (2007). Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 2007;73:257-260.
Kriger KM, Hero JM.
Survivorship in wild frogs infected with chytridiomycosis.
EcoHealth 2006a;3:171-177.
Kriger KM, Hero JM. Large scale
seasonal variation in the prevalence and severity of chytridiomycosis.
Journal of Zoology 2006b;doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00220.x.
Kriger KM, Hero JM.
The chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis is non-randomly distributed
across amphibian breeding habitats.
Diversity and Distributions 2007;DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-4642.2007:00394.x.
Kriger KM, Hero JM, Ashton KJ.
Cost efficiency in the detection of chytridiomycosis using PCR assay.
Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 2006;71:149-154.
Kriger KM, Hines HB, Hyatt AD, Boyle DG, Hero JM.
Techniques for detecting chytridiomycosis in wild frogs: comparing histology with real-time Taqman PCR.
Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 2006;71:141-148.
Kriger KM, Pereoglou F, Hero J-M.
Latitudinal variation in the prevalence and intensity of chytrid (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis)
infection in Eastern Australia. Conservation Biology 2007;21(5):1280-1290.
Kurtz J, Scharsack JP.
Resistance is skin-deep: innate immunity may help amphibians to survive a deadly fungus.
Animal Conservation 2007;10:422-424.
La Marca E, Lips KR, Lotters S, Puschendorf R, Ibanez R, Rueda-Almonacid JV, Schulte R, Marty C,
Castro F, Manzanilla-Puppo J, Garcia-Perez JE, Bolanos F, Chaves G, Pounds JA, Toral E, Young BE.
Catastrophic population declines and
extinctions in neotropical harlequin frogs (Bufonidae : Atelopus).
Biotropica 2005;37(2):190-201.
Lamirande EW, Nichols DK.
Effects of host age on susceptibility to cutaneous
chytridiomycosis in blue-and-yellow poison dart frogs (Dendrobates tinctorius).
In: McKinnell RG, Carlson DL. Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium on the
Pathology of Reptiles and Amphibians. Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA. 2002;3-13.
Lampo M, Señaris CJ.
Unexplained amphibian mortalities in the secluded
mountains of the Venezuelan Guayana: Is there evidence of chytridiomycosis?
Herpetological Review 2006;37(1):47-49.
Lampo M, Barrio-Amoros C, Han B.
Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis infection in the recently rediscovered
Atelopus mucubajiensis (Anura, Bufonidae), a critically endangered frog from the Venezuelan Andes.
EcoHealth 2006;3:299-302.
Lane EP, Weldon C, Bingham J.
Histological evidence of chytridiomycosis in a free-ranging
amphibian (Afrana fuscigula (Anura: Ranidae)) in South Africa.
Journal of South African Veterinary Association 2003;74:20-21.
Laurance WF, McDonald KR, Speare R.
Catastrophic declines of
Australian rain forest frogs: support for the epidemic disease hypothesis.
Conservation Biology 1996;10:406-413.
Laurance WF, McDonald KR, Speare R.
In defence of the epidemic diseases hypothesis.
Conservation Biology 1997;11:1030-1034.
Letcher PM, Powell MJ, Churchill PF, Chambers JG.
Ultrastructural and molecular phylogenetic delineation of a new order, the Rhizophydiales
(Chytridiomycota). Mycological Research 2006;110:898-915.
Lips KR. Decline of a tropical
montaine amphibian fauna.
Conservation Biology 1998;12:106-117.
Lips KR. Mass mortality and population
declines of anurans at an upland site in Western Panama.
Conservation Biology 1999;13:117-125.
Lips KR, Brem F, Brenes R, Reeve JD, Alford RA, Voyles J, Carey C, Livo L, Pessier AP, Collins JP.
Emerging infectious disease and the loss of biodiversity in a Neotropical
amphibian community.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of USA
2006;102:3165-3170.
Lips KR, Burrowes PA, Mendelson JR, Parra-Olea G.
Amphibian population declines in
Latin America: Widespread population declines, extinctions, and concepts.
Biotropica 2005;37(2):163-165.
Lips KR, Burrowes PA, Mendelson JR, Parra-Olea G.
Amphibian population declines in
Latin America: A synthesis. Biotropica 2005;37(2):222-226.
Lips KR, Green DE, Papendick R.
Chytridiomycosis in wild frogs from Southern Costa Rica.
Journal of Herpetology 2003;37:215-218.
Lips KR, Mendelson JR, Munoz-Alonso A, Canseco-Marquez L, Mulcahy DG.
Amphibian population declines in
montane southern Mexico: resurveys of historical
localities. Biological Conservation 2004;119:555-564.
Lips KR, Reeve JD, Witters LR.
Ecological traits predicting amphibian population declines in Central America.
Conservation Biology 2003;17(4):1078-1088.
Lips,
Longcore JE, Pessier AP, Nichols DK.
Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
gen. et sp. nov., a chytrid
pathogenic to amphibians. Mycologia 1999;91:219-227.
Longcore JR, Longcore JE, Pessier AP, Halteman WA.
Chytridiomycosis widespread in anurans of northeastern United States.
Journal of Wildlife Management 2007;71(2):435-444.
Marantelli G, Berger L, Speare R, Keegan L.
Distribution of the amphibian chytrid Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and keratin during tadpole
development.
Pacific Conservation Biology 2004;10(1):173-179.
Mazzoni R, Cunningham AC, Daszak P, Apolo A, Perdomo E, Speranza G.
Emerging pathogen of wild amphibians in
frogs (Rana catesbiana) farmed for international trade. Emerging Infectious Diseases 2003;9(8):995-998.
McCallum H. Inconclusiveness of chytridiomycosis
as the agent in widespread frog declines.
Conservation Biology 2005;19(5):1421-1430.
McDonald KR, Mendez D, Muller R, Freeman AB, Speare R.
Decline in the prevalence of
chytridiomycosis in upland frog populations in North Queensland, Australia.
Pacific Conservation Biology 2005;11(2):114-120.
Mendelson JR, Brodie ED, Malone JH, Acevedo ME, Baker MA, Smatresk NJ, Campbell JA.
Factors associated with the catestrophic
decline of a cloudforest frog fauna in Guatemala.
Revista de Biología Tropical (International Journal of Tropical Biology) 2004;52:991-1000.
Mendelson JR, Lips KR, Gagliardo RW, Rabb GB and 50 others.
Confronting amphibian declines and extinctions.
Science 2006;313:48.
Mitchell KM, Churcher TS, Garner TWJ, Fisher MC.
Persistence of the emerging pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
outside the amphibian host greatly increases the probability of host extinction.
Proceedings of the Royal Society 2007:doi:10.1098/rspb.2007.1356.
Morgan JAT, Vredenburg VT, Rachowicz LJ, Knapp RA, Stice MJ, Tunstall T,
Bingham RE, Parker JM, Longcore JE, Moritz C, Briggs CJ, Taylor JW.
Population genetics of the frog-killing fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis.
Proceedings of the Natlional Academy of Science USA 2007;104:13845-13850.
Morehouse EA, James TY, Ganley ARD, Vilgaly R, Berger L, Murphy PJ, Longcore JE.
Multilocus sequence typing suggests the chytrid pathogen of amphibians is a
recently emerged clone.
Molecular Ecology 2003;12:395-403.
Muths E.
Home range and movements of
boreal toads in undisturbed habitat.
Copeia 2003;(1):160-165.
Muths E, Corn PS, Pessier AP, Green DE. Evidence for disease
related amphibian decline in Colorado.
Biological Conservation 2003;110:357-365.
Mutschmann F, Berger L, Zwart P, Gaedicke C.
[Chytridiomycosis in amphibians-
-first report in Europe] Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr 2000;113(10):380-383. [In German]
Nichols DK, Lamirande EW, Pessier AP, Longcore JE.
Experimental transmission of cutaneous
chytridiomycosis in dendrobatid frogs.
Journal of Wildlife Diseases 2001;37(1):1-11.
Nichols DK, Pessier AP, Longcore JE.
Cutaneous chytridiomycosis: an emerging disease?
Proceedings of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians 1998;269-271.
Nieto NC, Camann MA, Foley JE, Reiss JO.
Disease associated with integumentary and cloacal parasites in tadpoles of northern red-legged frog
Rana aurora aurora. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 2007;78(1):61-71.
Obendorf D, Dalton A. A survey for the presence of the amphibian chytrid fungus
(Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis) in Tasmania. Papers and Proceedings of the
Royal Society of Tasmania 2006;140:25-29.
Oevermann von A, Schildger B, Feldman S, Robert N.
Chytridiomycosis in amphibians
(Dyscophus antongilii) in Switzerland. [In German]
Tierarztliche Umschau 2005;60:211-217.
Olsen V, Hyatt AD, Boyle DG, Mendez D.
Co-localisation of
Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and keratin for enhanced diagnosis of
chytridiomycosis in frogs.
Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 2004;61:85-88.
Oullet M, Mikaelian I, Pauli BD, Rodrigue J, Green DM.
Historical evidence of widespread chytrid infection
in North American amphibian populations. Conservation Biology 2005;19:1431-1440.
Padgett-Flohr GE, Goble ME.
Evaluation of tadpole mouthpart depigmentation as a diagnostic test for infection by
Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis for four California anurans.
Journal of Wildlife Diseases 2007;43(4):690-699.
Padgett-Flohr G, Longcore J.
Ambystoma californiense (California Tiger Salamander). Fungal Infection.
Herpetological Reviews 2005;36(1):50-51.
Parker JM, Mikaelian I, Hahn N, Diggs HE.
Clinical diagnosis and treatment of
epidermal chytridiomycosis in African clawed frogs (Xenopus tropicalis).
Comparative Medicine 2002;52(3):265-268.
Parris MJ.
Hybrid response to pathogen
infection in interspecific crosses between two amphibian species (Anura : Ranidae).
Evolutionary Ecology Research 2004;6(3):457-471.
Parris MJ, Baud DR.
Interactive effect of a heavy metal and chytridiomycosis on Gray Treefrog larvae.
Copeia 2004:(2);344-350.
Parris MJ, Beaudoin JG.
Chytridiomycosis impacts predator-prey
interactions in larval amphibian communities. Oecologia 2004;140(4):626-632.
Parris MJ, Cornelius TO. Fungal pathogen
causes competitive and developmental stress in larval amphibian communities. Ecology 2004;85(12):3385-3395.
Parris M. Hybrid response to pathogen infection in interspecific crosses
between two amphibian species (Anura: Ranidae). Evolutionary Ecological Research 2004;6:457-471.
Parris MJ, Reese E, Storfer A.
Antipredator behaviour of chytridiomycosis-infected northern
leopard frog (Rana pipiens) tadpoles.
Canadian Journal of Zoology 2006;84:58-65. doi:10.1139/Z05-175
Pasmans F, Zwart P, Hyatt AD. Chytridiomycosis in the Central
American bolitoglossine salamander (Bolitoglossa dofleini).
Veterinary Record 2004;154:153.
Pearl CA, Green DE.
Rana catesbeiana chytridiomycosis. Herpetological Reveiw 2005;36(3):305-306.
Pessier AP, Nichols DK, Longcore JE, Fuller MS.
Cutaneous chytridiomycosis in poison dart frogs
(Dendrobates spp.) and White's tree frogs (Litoria
caerulea). Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation
1999;11:194-199.
Piotrowski JS, Annis SL, Longcore JF. Physiology of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, a chytrid
pathogen of amphibians. Mycologia 2004;96(1):9-15.
Potter JS, Norman RJ deB.
Veterinary care of captive Archey's frogs,
Leiopelma archeyi, at Auckland Zoo. Kakoka 2006;13(2):19-26.
Pounds AJ, Bustamante MR, Coloma LA, Consuegra JA, Fogden MPL, Foster PN, la Marca E, Masters KL,
Merino-Viteri A, Puschendorf R, Ron SR, Sanchez-Azofeifa GA, Still CJ, Young BE.
Widespread amphibian extinctions from epidemic
disease driven by global warming. Nature 2006:439:161-167.
Pounds JA, Bustamante MR, Coloma LA, Consuegra JA, Fogden MPL, Foster PN, La Marcall E, Masters KL,
Merino-Viteri A, Puschendorf R, Ron SR, Sanchez-Azofeifa GA, Still CJ, Young BE.
Pounds et al. reply.
Nature 2007;447:E5-E6.
Puschendorf R, Bolanos F. Detection of
Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in Eleutherodactylus fitzingeri:
effects of skin sample location and histologic stain.
Journal of Wildlife Diseases 2006;42(2):301-306.
Puschendorf R, Castañeda F, McCranie JR.
Chytridiomycosis in wild frogs from Pico Bonito National Park, Honduras.
EcoHealth 2006;1-4 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-006-0026-8.
Puschendorf R, Bolanos F, Chaves G.
The amphibian chytrid fungus along an altitudinal transect before the first reported declines in Costa Rica.
Biological Conservation 2006;132(1):136-142.
Ouellet M, Mikaelian I, Pauli BD, Rodrigue J, Green DM.
Historical evidence of widespread chytrid infection
in North American amphibian populations.
Conservation Biology 2005;19(5):1431-1440.
Rachowicz LJ.
Mouthpart pigmentation in Rana muscosa tadpoles:
seasonal changes without chytridiomycosis. Herpetological Review 2002;33(4):263-265.
Rachowicz LJ, Briggs CJ.
Quantifying the disease transmission function: effects of density on Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
transmission in the mountain yellow-legged frog Rana muscosa.
Journal of Animal Ecology 2007;76(4):711-721.
Rachowicz LJ, Hero JM, Alford RA, Taylor JW, Morgan JAT, Vredenburg VT, Collins JP, Briggs CJ.
The novel and endemic pathogen
hypothesis: competing explanations for the origin of emerging infectious diseases
of wildlife. Conservation Biology 2005;19(5):1441-1448.
Rachowicz LJ, Knapp RA, Morgan JAT, Stice MJ, Vredenburg VT, Parker JM, Briggs CJ.
Emerging infectious disease as a proximate cause of amphibian mass mortality.
Ecology 2006;87(7):1671-1683.
Rachowicz LJ, Vredenburg VT.
Transmission of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis within and between amphibian life stages.
Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 2004;61(1-2):75-83.
Raverty S, Reynolds T.
Cutaneous chytridiomycosis in dwarf aquatic frogs
(Hymenochirus boettgeri) originating from southeast Asia and
in a western toad (Bufo boreas) from northeastern British Columbia.
Canadian Veterinary Journal 2001;42(5):385-386.
Retallick RWR, McCallum H, Speare R.
Endemic infection of the amphibian chytrid fungus in a frog community post-decline. PLOS Biology 2004;2(11):e351.
Retallick RWR, Miera V.
Strain differences in the amphibian chytrid
Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and non-permanent, sub-lethal effects of infection.
Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 2007;75:201-207.
Retallick RW, Miera V, Richards KL, Field KJ, Collins JP.
A non-lethal technique for detecting
the chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis on tadpoles.
Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 2006;72(1):77-85.
Rollins-Smith LA, Carey C, Conlon JM, Reinert LK, Doersam JK, Bergman T,
Silberring J, Lankinen H, Wade D.
Activities of temporin family peptides
against the chytrid fungus (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis) associated with
global amphibian declines. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 2003;47(3):1157-1160.
Rollins-Smith LA, Conlon JM.
Antimicrobial peptide
defenses against chytridiomycosis, an emerging infectious disease
of amphibian populations.
Developmental and Comparative Immunology 2005;29(7):589-598.
Rollins-Smith LA, Doersam JK, Longcore JE, Taylor SK, Shamblin JC, Carey C, Zasloff MA.
Antimicrobial peptide
defenses against pathogens associated with global amphibian declines.
Development and Comparative Immunology 2002;26(1):63-72.
Rollins-Smith LA, Reinert LK, Miera V, Conlon JM.
Antimicrobial peptide defenses of the Tarahumara frog, Rana tarahumarae.
Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 2002;297(2):361-367.
Rollins-Smith LA, Carey C, Longcore J, Doersam JK, Boutte A, Bruzgal JE, Conlon JM.
Activity of antimicrobial
skin peptides from ranid frogs against Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis,
the chytrid fungus associated with global amphibian declines.
Developmental and Comparative Immunology 2002;26(5):471-479.
Rollins-Smith LA, Woodhams DC, Reinert LK, Vredenburg VT, Briggs CJ, Nielsen PF, Conlon JM.
Antimicrobial peptide defenses of the mountain yellow-legged frog (Rana muscosa).
Developmental and Comparative Immunology 2006; 30 (9): 831-842.
Ron SR.
Predicting the distribution of the amphibian
pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in the New World.
Biotropica 2005;37(2):209-221.
Ron SR, Duellman WE, Coloma LA, Bustamante MR.
Population decline of the Jambato Toad Atelopus ignescens (Anura : Bufonidae)
in the Andes of Ecuador.
Journal of Herpetology 2003;37(1):116-126.
Ron SR, Merino A. Amphibian declines in Ecuador: overview and first report of chytridiomycosis from South America.
Froglog 2000;42:2-3. Online Spanish version.
Rowley J, Alford RA.
Behaviour of Australian rainforest stream frogs may affect the transmission of chytridiomycosis.
Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 2007;77:1-9.
Rowley JJL, Alford RA, Skerratt LF.
The amphibian chytrid Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
occurs on freshwater shrimp in rain forest streams in Northern
Queensland, Australia.
EcoHealth 2006;3:49-52. DOI 10.1007/a10393-005-0005-5
Rowley JJL, Chan SKF, Tang WS, Speare R, Skerratt LF, Alford RA, Cheung KS, Ho CY, Campbell R.
Survey for the amphibian chytrid Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
in Hong Kong in native amphibians and in the international amphibian trade.
Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 2007;78:87-95.
Rowley JJL, Hemmingway VA, Alford RA, Waycott M, Skerratt LF, Campbell R, Webb R.
Experimental infection and repeat survey data indicate amphibian chytrid Batrachochytrium
dendrobatidis may not occur on freshwater crustaceans in northern Queensland, Australia.
EcoHealth 2007;DOI: 10.1007/s10393-006-0075-z.
Rowley JJL, Skerratt LF, Alford RA, Campbell R.
Retreat sites of rain forest
stream frogs are not a reservoir for Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in northern Queensland, Australia.
Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 2007;74(1):7-12.
Scherer RD, Muths E, Noon BR, Corn PS.
An evaluation of weather and disease as
causes of decline in two populations of boreal toads.
Ecological Applications 2005;15(6):2150-2160.
Schoegel LM, Hero JM, Berger L, Speare R, McDonald K, Daszak P.
The decline of the sharp-snouted day
frog (Taudactylus acutirostris): the first documented case of extinction by infection
in a free-ranging wildlife species? EcoHealth 2005;3:35-40.
Seimon TA, Seimon A, Daszak P, Halloy SRP, Schloegel LM, Aguilar CA, Sowell P, Hyatt AD, Konecky B, Simmons JE.
Upward range extension of Andean anurans and chytridiomycosis
to extreme elevations in response to tropical deglaciation.
Global Change Biology 2007;13:288-299.
Simoncelli F, Fagotti A, Dall’Olio R, Vagnetti D, Pascolini R, Di Rosa I.
Evidence of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
infection in water frogs of the Rana esculenta complex in central Italy.
EcoHealth 2005;2(4):307-312.
Skerratt LF, Berger L, Speare R, Cashins S, McDonald KR, Phillott AD, Hines HB, Kenyon N.
Spread of chytridiomycosis has caused the rapid global decline and extinction of frogs.
EcoHealth 2007;DOI: 10.1007/s10393-007-0093-5
Smith KF, Sax DF, Lafferty KD.
Evidence for the role of infectious disease in species extinction and endangerment.
Conservation Biology 2006; 20 (5): 1349-1357.
Smith KG.Use of quantitative PCR assay for
amphibian chytrid detection: comment on Kriger et al. (2006a,b).
Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 2007;73:253-255.
Smith KG, Weldon C, Conradie W, du Preez LH.
Relationships among size, development, and
Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis infection
in African tadpoles. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 2007;74:159-164.
Speare R and Steering Committee of Getting the Jump on Amphibian Disease.
Developing
management strategies to control amphibian diseases:
Decreasing the risks due to communicable diseases.
School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, James Cook University:
Townsville. 2001.
Stuart SN, Chanson JS, Cox NA, Youn BE, Rodrigues ASL, Fischman, Waller RW.
Status and trends of amphibian declines and extinctions worldwide.
Science 2004;306:1783-1786.
Symonds EP, Hines HB, Bird PS, Morton JM, Mills PC.
Surveillance for Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis using Mixophyes (Anura: Myobatrachidae) larvae.
Journal of Wildlife Diseases 2007:43(1):48-60.
Toledo LF, Haddad CFB, Carnaval ACOQ, Britto FB.
A Brazilian anuran (Hylodes magalhaesi Leptodactylidae) infected by
Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis: a conservation concern.
Amphibian and Reptile Conservation 2006;4:17-21.
Van Ells T, Stanton J, Strieby A, Daszak P, Hyatt AD, Brown C.
Davidson et al. 2007. Supporting data available
at journal website.
See editorial on this paper by Bruns T (2006).
Bd is not mentioned in the editorial.
Voyles J, Berger L, Young S, Speare R, Webb R, Warner J, Rudd D, Campbell R, Skerratt LF. Electrolyte depletion and osmotic imbalance in amphibians with chytridiomycosis. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 2007;77:113-118.
Vredenburg VT, Summers AP. Field identification of chytridiomycosis in Rana muscosa (Camp 1915). Herpetological Review 2001;32:151-152. (For better images of R. mucosa tadpole mouth parts see - http://amphibiaweb.org/chytrid/index.html)
Wade DB. Climate change implicated in amphibian and lizard declines. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of USA 2007;104(20):8201-8202.
Waldman B, van de Wolfshaar KE, Klena JD, Andjic V, Bishop P, Norman RJ de B. Chytridiomycosis in New Zealand frogs. Surveillance 2001;28(3):9-11.
Walker SF, Salas MB, Jenkins D, Garner TWJ, Cunningham AA, Hyatt AD, Bosch J, Fisher MC. Environmental detection of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in a temperate climate. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 2007;77:105-112.
Webb R, Berger L, Mendez D, Speare R. MS-222 (tricaine methane sulfonate) does not kill the amphibian chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 2006;68:89-90.
Webb R, Mendez D, Berger L, Speare R. Additional disinfectants effective against the amphibian chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 2007;74:13-16.
Weldon C. Chytridiomycosis survey in South Africa. Froglog 2002;51:1-2.
Weldon C, Du Preez LH. Quantitative measurement of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in amphibian skin. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 2006;72:153-161.
Weldon C, du Preez LH, Hyatt AD, Muller R, Speare R. Origin of the amphibian chytrid fungus. Emerging Infectious Diseases 2004;10(12):2100-2105.
White AW. A trial using salt to protect green and golden bell frogs from chytrid infection. Herpetofauna 2006;36(2):93-96.
Whitfield SM, Bell KE, Phillipi T, Sasa M, Bolanos F, Chaves G, Savage JM, Donnelly MA. Amphibian and reptile declines over 35 years at La Selva, Costa Rica. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of USA 2007;104(20):8352-8356.
Wilcox BA. Amphibian decline: more support for biocomplexity as a research paradigm. EcoHealth 2006;3:1-2. DOI: 10.1007/a10393-005-0013-5.
Williams ES, Yuill T, Artois M, Fischer J, Haigh SA. Emerging infectious diseases in wildlife. Rev Sci Tech Off Int Epiz 2002;21(1):139-157.
Woodhams DC, Alford RA. Ecology of chytridiomycosis in rainforest stream frog assemblages of tropical Queensland. Conservation Biology 2005;19(5):1449-1459.
Woodhams DC, Alford RA, Marantelli G. Emerging disease of amphibians cured by elevated body temperature. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 2003;55:65-67.
Woodhams DC, Ardipradja K, Alford RA, Marantelli G, Reinert LK, Rollins-Smith LA. Resistance to chytridiomycosis varies among amphibian species and is correlated with skin peptide defenses. Animal Conservation 2007;10(4):409-417.
Woodhams DC, Rollins-Smith LA, Alford RA, Simon MA, Harris RN. Innate immune defenses of amphibian skin: antimicrobial peptides and more. Animal Conservation 2007;10(4):425-428.
Woodhams DC, Rollins-Smith LA, Carey C, Reinert L, Tyler MJ, Alford RA. Population trends associated with skin peptide defences against chytridiomycosis in Australian frogs. Oecologia 2006;146:531-540.
Woodhams DC, Voyles J, Lips KR, Carey C, Rollins-Smith LA. Predicted disease susceptibility in a Panamanian amphibian assemblage based on skin peptide defenses. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 2006;42(2):207-218.
Woodhams DC, Vredenburg VT, Simon MA, Billheimer D, Shakhtour B, Yu Shyr, Briggs CJ, Rollins-Smith LA, Harris RN. Symbotic bacteria contribute to innate immune defences of the threatened mountain yellow-legged frog, Rana muscosa. Biological Conservation 2007:138(3-4):390-398.
Wright K, Berger L, Nichols DK, Speare R, Sredl MJ, Pessier A, Johnson B. Roundtable: amphibian population decline. Journal of Herpetological Medicine and Surgery 2001;11(2):14-27.
Young BE, Lips KR, Reaser JK, Ibanez R, Salas AW, Cedeno JR, Coloma LA, Ron SR, Marca EL, Meyer JA, Munoz A, Bolanos F, Chaves G, Romo D. Population declines and priorities for amphibian conservation in Latin America. Conservation Biology 2001;15:1213-1223.
Young S, Berger L, Speare R. Amphibian chytridiomycosis: strategies for captive management and conservation. International Zoo Yearbook 2007;41:1-11.
Yu Ye-Hui, Zhang Shou-Chun, Zhao Yu-Jun, Shi Jiao, Yu Li-Hui, Lu Qiu-Feng.
Chytridiomycosis and amphibian population declines.
Chinese Journal of Zoology 2006;41:118-122.
Yu et al. 2006. English summary of this
Chinese language paper.
Unrefereed articles
Ferri V. La micosi cutanea degli anfibi anche in Italia. Bufo News 2002;1:1-4.
Reports
Department of Environment and Heritage. Threat Abatement Plan for infection of amphibians with chytrid fungus resulting in chytridiomycosis. i) Threat Abatement Plan. ii) Background Document. Australian Government Department of Environment and Heritage; Canberra. 2006. Available at: http://www.deh.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/publications/tap/chytrid/index.html
Obendorf D. Developing field and diagnostic methods to survey for chytridiomycosis in Tasmanian frogs. Report prepared by David Obendorf on behalf of the Central North Field Naturalists Inc for Department of Environment and Heritage; Canberra. 2005. Available at: http://www.deh.gov.au/biodiversity/invasive/publications/tasmanian-frogs/index.html#download.
Speare R, Skerratt L, Berger L, Hines H, Hyatt A, Mendez D, McDonald K, Hero JM, Marantelli G, Muller R, Alford R, Woods R. A project that designs and trials a pilot survey to map the distribution of chytridiomycosis (caused by the amphibian chytrid) in Australian frogs. Final report for Project ID 44381 (tender 63/2003) to the Australian Government Department of Environment and Heritage. 2005:Pp64. Available at: http://www.deh.gov.au/biodiversity/invasive/publications/c-disease/distribution-survey.html
Guidelines
Dasak P, Cunningham AA, Hyatt AD. Draft guidelines for international translocation of amphibians with respect to infectious diseases. Attachment 6: In: Speare R and Steering Committee of Getting the Jump on Amphibian Disease. Developing Management Strategies to control Amphibian Diseases: Decreasing the risks due to communicable diseases. School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, James Cook University: Townsville. 2001:150-156.
Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry. Proposed quarantine requirements for the importation of amphibians or their eggs into zoological facilities. Animal Biosecurity Policy Memorandum (ABPM) 2003/26. 2003.
Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry. Proposed quarantine requirements for the importation of amphibians or their eggs for laboratory purposes. Animal Biosecurity Policy Memorandum (ABPM) 2003/26. 2003.
Department of Environment and Heritage. Threat Abatement Plan for Infection of Amphibians with Chytrid Fungus Resulting in Chytridiomycosis. Canberra. Draft for Public Comment. 2004.
Lynch M. Amphibian quarantine protocols Melbourne Zoo. Attachment 6: In: Speare R and Steering Committee of Getting the Jump on Amphibian Disease. Developing Management Strategies to control Amphibian Diseases: Decreasing the risks due to communicable diseases. School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, James Cook University: Townsville. 2001:157-161.
NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service. Hygiene protocol for the control of disease in frogs. Threatened Species Management. Information Circular No. 6. 2000:pp.18.
WWW articles
Berger L, Speare R, Kent A. Diagnosis of chytridiomycosis in amphibians by histologic examination. 20 November 1999.
Daszak P. Chytrid fungus, frogs: background. Posting on ProMED, 1 December 2000.
Daszak P, Cunningham AA, Hyatt AD. Amphibian chytridiomycosis and emerging infectious diseases of wildlife. Third International Virtual Conference in Veterinary Medicine: Diseases of reptiles and amphibians. URL: http://www.vet.uga.edu/ivcvm/.
Conference Presentations
Guayasamin JM, Bonaccorso EA, Speare R, and Mendez D. The roles of climatic variation and pathogenic fungus in declining populations of Aletopus cruciger (Anura: Bufonidae) in Venezuela. Joint Meeting of the American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists, Herpetologists' League, and Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, 4-8 July 2002, Kasas City, USA.
Mitchell JC, Green DE. Chytridiomycosis in two species of ranid frogs in the southeastern United States. Joint Meeting of the American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists, Herpetologists' League, and Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, 4-8 July 2002, Kasas City, USA.
Nichols DK, Lamirande EW. Treatment of cutaneous chytridiomycosis in blue-and-yellow poison dart frogs (Dendrobates tinctorius). More K, Speare R. (eds) Getting the Jump! On Amphibian Disease. Conference and Workshop Compendium. 26-30 August 2000, Cairns. Rainforest CRC: Cairns. p.51
Parris MJ. Chytrid fungi affect larval amphibian performance in experimental communities. Joint Meeting of the American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists, Herpetologists' League, and Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, 4-8 July 2002, Kasas City, USA.
Stagni G, Scoccianti C, Fusini R. Segnalazione di chytridiomicosi in popolazioni di Bombina pachypus (Anura, Bombinatoridae) dell'Appennino tosco-emiliano. IV Congresso della Societas Herpetologica Italica, a Ercolano. 2002;
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Updated 2 January 2008
Rick Speare