Reef's winners and losers in a warmer world

There are winners and losers among corals under the accumulating impacts of climate change, according to a new scientific study.

In the world’s first large-scale investigation of how climate affects the composition of coral reefs, an international team of marine scientists concludes that the picture is far more complicated than previously thought – but that total reef losses due to climate change are unlikely.

“Coral reefs are sometimes regarded as canaries in the global climate coal mine, but it is now very clear that not all reef species will be affected equally,” explains lead author Professor Terry Hughes, director of the ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies at James Cook University.

The emerging picture, he says, is one of ‘winners and losers’, with some corals succeeding at the expense of others. Rather than experiencing wholesale destruction, many coral reefs will survive climate change by changing the mix of coral species as the ocean warms and becomes more acidic.

This in turn has implications for humans, who rely on the rich and beautiful coral reefs of today for food, tourism and other livelihoods.

“A critical issue for the future status of reefs will be their ability to provide ecosystem services like reef tourism and fishing in the face of the changes in species composition,” the report in the journal Current Biology says.

For example, if susceptible table and branching species were replaced by mound-shaped corals, there would be fewer nooks and crannies where fish could shelter and feed.

The research team carried out detailed studies of the coral composition of reefs along the entire length of Australia’s Great Barrier Reef.

They identified and measured a total of 35,428 coral colonies on 33 reefs from north to south. Studying corals on both the crests and slopes of the reef, they found that as one species decreases in abundance, another tends to increase, and that species wax and wane largely independently of each other.

“Previous studies around the world have focused on total coral cover as the main indicator of reef health, but we wanted to explore what happens within the coral assemblage itself. The way these individual species are mixed together is extraordinarily flexible,” Professor Hughes said.

“We chose the iconic Great Barrier Reef because water temperature varies by eight to nine degrees along its length from summer to winter, and because there are wide local variations in pH. In other words, its natural gradients encompass the sorts of conditions that will apply several decades from now under business-as-usual greenhouse gas emissions.

“This study has given us a more detailed understanding of the sorts of changes that could take place as the world’s oceans gradually warm and acidify.

“It has also increased our optimism about the ability of coral reef systems to respond to the sorts of changes they are likely to experience under foreseeable climate change.”

The good news from the research, says Professor Hughes, is that complete reef wipeouts appear unlikely due to temperature and pH alone.

“However, in many parts of the world, coral reefs are also threatened by much more local impacts, especially by pollution and over-fishing. We need to address all the threats, including climate change, to give coral reefs a fighting chance for the future.”

The paper ‘Assembly rules of reef corals are flexible along a steep climatic gradient’ by

Terry P. Hughes, Andrew H. Baird, Elizabeth A. Dinsdale, Natalie A. Moltschaniwskyj, Morgan S. Pratchett, Jason E. Tanner and Bette L. Willis appears in the journal Current Biology.

Issued: April 13, 2012

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